Trespassing In Cyberspace Essay Example for Free

Trespassing In Cyberspace Essay Introduction This paper will focus on one of the most contentious issues in cyberlaw, such as trespassing in cyberspace. While the issue of trespass as a sort of offense against a person or against property is carefully regulated in the majority of jurisdiction, the question whether trespass as a phenomenon can actually exist in cyberspace is a subject of heated debate. Thus, in-depth analysis of this question will help to understand its significance in the broader context of cyberlaw. Definition Under common law, trespass happens when a person intermeddles or performs unauthorized of another person’s property (Quilter, 2002). Pending the consensus among scholars concerning a clear-cut definition of trespass in cyberspace, courts and researchers often have to apply reasoning by analogy to analyze such cyberlaw cases: ‘The concept of trespass in cyberspace depends heavily on a conception of a web site or mail server as ‘property’ from which, like land, the owner ought to have the right to exclude others’ (Merges, Menell Lemley, 2006, p.928). One of the concepts that is most widely applied to cyberspace trespass cases is the concept of trespass to chattels, chattels being is defined as tangible property (not to be confused with real property and intellectual property). Trespass to chattels is a tort action under certain circumstances: ‘The tort of trespass to chattels traditionally requires proof not just that the defendant ‘intermeddled’ with a chattel, but that the defendants use actually caused injury to the chattel or injured the owner by depriving it of the benefit of using the chattel’ (Merges, Menell Lemley, 2006, p.923) However, the latter thesis is a contentious one, and further discussion of this issue will happen in the ‘Notable Cases’ section. The scholars argued that there are many concepts than need careful legal reconsiderations in the Information Age before any analogies with real property or chattels can be brought into the discussions. These concepts include, but not limited to, the notion of Intent, Entry, Property, and Permission (Adida et. al., 1998). Yet the idea of applying the doctrine of trespass to chattels to cyberspace turned out to be surprisingly appealing to judges: ‘Notwithstanding scholars’ early suggestions of its inappropriateness, courts have rushed to resurrect the late, largely unlamented, tort of trespass to chattels, and apply it to the new cyberspace arena’ (Cranor Wildman, 2003, p.13). At present, most scholars agree that the doctrine can be applied to such issues as spam and spidering when actual orb potential harm has been caused to a plaintiff. Legal Basis The foundational document that governs electronic transactions is Computer Fraud and Abuse Act of 1984 (CFAA). Computer Fraud and Abuse Act such issues with data integrity as in the situation when an offender breaks authorization rules instituted by an organization with a view to gaining access to protected information, such as information contained in a financial record of a financial institution, or of a card issuer. It also established penalties for acts or attempts to encroach on secret governmental information. However, the applicability of this Act can be made possible by proving that data and information resources can be regarded as chattels. Nowadays, it is an accepted fact in the legal practice, which was established by a series of legal precedents. Notable Cases In Thrifty-Tel v. Bezenek, it was established that electronic signals can be regarded as property due to the fact they are physical and tangible in nature. The analogy used in the case was the comparison of electronic signals to real property not chattels. Trespass to chattels first appeared in the case CompuServe v. CyberPromotions, which was a span case (Quilter, 2002). In United States v. Seidlitz, confidential software was illegally obtained by an employee by tapping into the work session of a previous worker. In this case, federal law was applied only because of an accompanying circumstance. Several  telephone calls the employee made to accomplish his aim were made across state lines.  Otherwise this employee would have had to be prosecuted under one state’s wire fraud legislation (Adida et. al., 1998). In United States v. Langevin, ex-worker of the Federal Reserve Board committed a similar offence. Being a financial analyst at the time when the offence was perpetrated, he tried to access the file containing protected data on money supply. Again, the applicability of federal legislation was made possible solely because of telephone calls made in the manner similar to the previous case (Adida et. al., 1998).    Another notable case, Intel v. Hamidi, was won by the defendant as the California Supreme Court ruled that Ken Hamidi did not commit an act of trespassing Intel’s computers by sending messages to its employees. After being fired from Intel in 1995, Ken Hamidi sent six emails to thousands of Intel’s employees with bitter criticism of the company’s policies and employee treatment. These messages did not result in physical damage on the company’s computer systems or failure of its networks or computer services. However, Intel decided to press charges against Mr.Hamidi accusing him of trespass. Intel claimed that workers were distracted and distressed as a result of disappointing emails, which further led to loss of productivity: ‘Intels position represents a further extension of the trespass to chattels tort, fictionally recharacterizing the allegedly injurious effect of a communications contents on recipients as an impairment to the device which transmitted the message’ (Epstein, 2004, p.15). Yet the court sided with the defendant on the grounds that no actual harm has been caused to Intel’s computer system: ‘The California courts have rejected trespass to chattels claims in the absence of evidence of actual harm to the chattel in question the computer server†¦ because the trespass to chattels tort†¦may not, in California, be proved without evidence of an injury to the plaintiffs personal property or legal interest therein.’ (Merges, Menell Lemley, 2006, pp.925-926). The significance of this case lies not only in the perceived victory for those who endorse cyberspace rights and fair labor relations. The case established a standard for legal reasoning in the cases of the like nature: ‘The decision noted that calling distressing content of a message a ‘trespass’ on the computer was as wrong as claiming that ‘the personal distress caused by reading an unpleasant letter would be an injury to the recipients mailbox, or the loss of privacy caused by an intrusive telephone call would be an injury to the recipients telephone equipment’’ (Electronic Frontier Foundation, 2003, para.3). The case eBay, Inc. v. Bidders Edge, Inc. is important for the discussion because it expanded the concept of trespass to chattels to spidering. Spidering is widely used by search engines to track information on Web serves. Bidder’s Edge was an auction aggregator that collected information from different auction sites, put it together in its own data bank, and then offered the information on demand as a to consumers looking for a certain item. eBay pressed charges against this company on the basis of trespass to chattels because of the company’s spider activity. The evidence of real harm resulting from Bidder’s Edge’s spidering was not allowed in the court, but the presence of potential harm was sufficient to rule that Bidder’s Edge was trespassing eBay’s information resources (Quilter, 2002). Other cases decided on the same grounds as are TicketMaster v. Tickets.com92 and Register.com v. Verio (Quilter, 2002). Impact While there is little discussion as to the benefits of application of trespass theory to spam emails, the issue is not that clear when it comes to spidering. It is widely believed that all the recent cases concerning trespass in cyberspace had far-reaching implications. Some scholars believe that the application of trespass to chattels doctrine to spidering may be detrimental to the development of e-commerce services: ‘While the promise of ecommerce is to improve consumer information and lower transaction costs, under a trespass theory many of those benefits will disappear’ (Merges, Menell Lemley, 2006, p.924). From the customer’s perspective, eBay’s victory was hardly beneficial for those seeking quality service: ‘AuctionWatch [a website run by Bidder’s Edge] was a better product for consumers than eBay, since it covered more auctions. However, eBay succeeded in shutting it down using the trespass to chattels tort. Any type of innovative aggregation product is subject to the same problem’ (Cranor Wildman, 2003, p.21). However, arguing against the doctrine of trespass in cyberspace from the position of customer’s satisfaction is not the most effective stance. In any legal case, there is a variety of stakeholders involved. The purpose of legal settling is to satisfy the demands of a plaintiff (if they have reasonable grounds) on the basis of existing laws and regulations. Companies operating in cyberspace merit protection just like customers do. Conclusion Despite the ongoing debate on the applicability of the concept of trespass to cyberspace offences, legal practice has already legitimized the relevance of certain common law doctrines (i.e. trespass to chattels) to such cases. Following the analogy with trespass to property such as land or personal possessions, courts have decided a series of exemplary cases based on the reasoning that electronic signals are physical and tangible enough to be regarded as property. References Cranor, Lorrie F., Steven S. Wildman. Rethinking Rights and Regulations: Institutional Responses to New Communications Technologies. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2003. Epstein, Richard A. Cases and Materials on Torts, 8th ed. Rockville, MD: Aspen Publishers, 2004. Merges, Robert P., Menell, Peter S., Mark A. Lemley. Intellectual Property in the Technological Age, 4th ed. Rockville, MD: Aspen Publishers, 2006. Adida, Benjamin, Chang, Enoch, Fletcher, Lauren B., Hong, Michelle, Sandon, Lydia, Page, Kristina. ‘The Future of Trespass and Property in Cyberspace.’ 10 December 1998. June 19, 2007. http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/courses/ltac98/final.html Electronic Frontier Foundation. ‘California Supreme Court Sides With Email Pamphleteer: Intel v. Hamidi Decision Protects Internet Speech.’ June 30, 2003. June 19, 2007. http://www.eff.org/spam/Intel_v_Hamidi/20030630_eff_hamidi_pr.php Quilter, Laura. The Continuing Evolution of Cyberspace Trespass to Chattels. 2002. June 19, 2007. www.law.berkeley.edu/institutes/bclt/pubs/annrev/exmplrs/final/lqfin.pdf

Love Your Enemies :: English Literature Essays

Love Your Enemies Jesus said, â€Å"You have heard that it was said, ‘An eye for an eye a tooth for a tooth.’ But now I tell you: do not take revenge on someone who wrongs you. If anyone slaps you on the right cheek, let them slap your left cheek too†¦ love your enemies and pray for those who persecute you.† Is it possible to follow this teaching of Jesus today? The answer is yes, conveying this teaching is possible. There are still some people who do live in this way. One person who lived this way was Mohandas Gandhi. Gandhi was a man of peace from India. By no means did Gandhi resort to violence. Gandhi showed that the powerless had power. He never fought back instead he would sit and pray. Gandhi always wanted equality and peace among everyone. If someone were harm in any way, he would have never turned and hurt them. Instead he would have prayed or just ambled away. Although with his courageous words and actions he was a very powerful person he still could not control the decisions and actions of others. Gandhi once said,†I have no strength, save what God gives me. I have no authority over my country men, save the purely moral." Like many of our brave and peaceful leaders Gandhi was also assassinated. He died on January 30, 1948. Everyone should be more like Gandhi. Everyone should be kind and peaceful and then the world may be an easier place to live in. It’s not an easy way to live because you often act or even speak before you act. Several people often do things without thinking. It’s human nature. For example if person ‘A’ were to clout person ‘B’, person ‘B’ would automatically strike back. This is unquestionably not what Jesus would do. There is only very few people who would actually just turn the other cheek or walk away. Instead everyone else would probably do the same or even worse than what the other person did. Another way we can follow this philosophy is by, as Jesus said, â€Å"Do unto others as you would have done unto you.† Think about this, no one would want someone to harm them, emotionally or physically, and the other person probably feels the same way. Verbal abuse, talking about others, judging others also part of this. This damages others, and it’s hard not to do this because everybody does it but just because everybody does doesn’t make it right.

Cat in the Rain Essay

Cat in the Rain is a short story about an American couple on vacation to Italy. They are in their first year of marriage. The husband has a dismissive attitude towards the wife and the wife always wants more. In the story the couple has a lot of selfishness going on in their relationship. The husband ignores his wife’s needs and the wife and the wife is not satisfied with her husband. The theme of this story has a lot to do with loneliness in the couples’ relationship. In this story the American couple is trapped in their hotel room with nothing to do because of the raining weather. The husband wants to read and ignore his wife. So the wife is looking out the window and sees a cat crouched from the rain. She wants to go downstairs and get the cat. She tells her husband about it and he shrugs it off. The wife goes down herself and the story talks a lot about how she likes the inn keeper. I find that this part of the story most affected me when the husband ignored his wife’s wants and needs. She really wanted that cat because it was something for her to do and feel good about. Her husband obviously doesn’t satisfy her which makes her feel lonely and the cat would keep her company. The wife in this story wants to feel appreciated and loved like any other woman would. Being married for their first year is beginning to be hard for them. Hemingway tries to tell about a first marriage of a couple he once knew and how hard it is for some to always keep that happiness. Couples always have disagreements but should never feel alone. A husband should not ignore his wife’s needs and in this story that is what he does instead of trying to satisfy his wife. Close to the ending of this story the wife was not able to find the cat. She came back in the hotel room very sad. She tries to tell her husband but he does not listen. She starts complaining about what she wants to change about herself. She wants â€Å"her hair to be long so she can brush it† and she wants a cat. The husband can only say that he likes things the way they are. He tells her to shut up. He does not care what the wife’s needs are or what she wants. He does not want to listen and he just wants to read which is what he wishes she would do. This part of the story really interested me because I could not get as to why the husband doesn’t respond to what she asks for. The wife desperately wants attention and he is not giving it to her. The story of the American couple explains a lot about how the wife tries to get attention from the husband. Hemingway talks about a cat but behind that cat this story means more. The lack of attention her husband gives her may make her feel that she is restricted on expressing herself and keeps most of her feelings inside. The cat stays compact to stay dry outside, which is how the wife feels she has to be with her husband to make him happy. She hides herself constantly from him. In this story it relates to her as American wife and never tells her name. This kind of says that she is nothing but an American wife which is exactly how she feels. Hemingway had a unique way of telling the story but the way he told it had a lot of meaning to it. He showed the couples loneliness in a different way.

The Character of Richard III as Shakespeare Presents Him...

The Character of Richard III as Shakespeare Presents Him to Us Shakespeare presents Richard to us in a very negative way. Richard is portrayed as an evil person who is attracted to the power that the throne could bring him and would take whatever risk is necessary. Driven by his need for power he manipulates and murders his way to the throne. Richard shows himself as a manipulator right from the start of the play. He tricks Clarence and makes him think that he has nothing to do with his arrest. But whats the matter Clarence? May I know? Clarence is the first person that Richard manipulates in a long line of victims. Richard also successfully manipulates Anne. He manages to get her to marry†¦show more content†¦Richard after Buckingham has walked of calls him back and accepts the throne. How far I am from the desire of this. Richard with the help of Buckingham does brilliantly here to change the minds of the on looking mayor and citizens. Richard also cleverly manipulates the Lord Mayor. He does this by pretending that Hastingsposes a threat to everybodys safety. Look back, defend thee, here are enemies! However his attempts to manipulate people are not always successful. Towards the end of the play Richard seems to have lost his touch. Prince Edward realises that Richard is not telling the truth. God keep me f rom such false friends, but they were none. This is also true when Richard tries to persuade Queen Elizabeth to help him marry her daughter. But how long fairly shall her sweet life last?......As long as hell and Richard likes of it. Richard has failed to convince the Queen but he is not aware of this. He also fails to manipulate Lord Stanley. Richard kidnaps his son hoping that will be enough to secure his loyalty, however it was not and he had to face him in battle. My lord he doth deny to come. Richard even though he threw the throne away had to be very clever to get to the position in the first place. It took great judgment of time and carefully crafted plans to succeed. The way that Richard managesShow MoreRelatedWilliam Shakespeare s King Richard IIi1258 Words   |  6 PagesRichard: What have you done to me! Shakespeare: My historical tragedy â€Å"King Richard III† is just my dramatic presentation of your exploits in your bloody pursuit of the throne. Pacino: My postmodernist docudrama â€Å"Looking for Richard† is my modern interpretation of Richard III. My attempt to establish connections that enhance our understandings and interpretations of our respective contexts, ideas and values, primarily involving the representation of the human condition through the character of RichardRead More Shakespeare on Machiavelli: The Prince in Richard III Essay1491 Words   |  6 PagesShakespeare on Machiavelli:   The Prince in Richard III   Ã‚  Ã‚   According to many, Shakespeare intentionally portrays Richard III in ways that would have the world hail him as the ultimate Machiavel.   This build up only serves to further the dramatic irony when Richard falls from his throne.   The nature of Richards character is key to discovering the commentary Shakespeare is delivering on the nature of tyrants.   By setting up Richard to be seen as the ultimate Machiavel, only to have himRead MoreEssay about Discrimination Exposed in The Tempest1119 Words   |  5 Pagesthe representations of characters such as Caliban, Prospero etc.   During Shakespeares time social classification was much more rigid than today and some members of society were considered superior to other members. 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And Robert Weimann, comparing Richard GloucesterRead MoreEssay about Richard as an Anti-hero1000 Words   |  4 Pages Richard as an Anti-hero: To what extent does Richard embody this archetype? In William Shakespeare’s play, Richard III, Richard is portrayed as physically deformed and psychologically affected. It is believed that his inner soul is a reflection of his physical deformities. Richard is considered as the protagonist of this play, however this is highly contradictive. A protagonist is the hero of the story who exhibits characteristics of courage and perseverance, and is admired for their brave deedsRead MoreKing Richard Iii and Looking for Richard Essay2197 Words   |  9 PagesThe texts King Richard III and Looking for Richard both accept the centrality of power and the yearning for it, as a central plot driver and an assumed part of the human condition. However, each presents a different perspective as to the nature of power; its origins and morality. Discuss this statement with close, detailed reference to both texts set for study. Power is defined as the possession of control or command over people and events. In Shakespeare’s play ‘King Richard III’, the centralityRead MoreEssay on Construction of Characters2044 Words   |  9 Pagesconstruction of characters and other logistics behind the text itself, but also aspects of the society which gave birth to it. It is an impossibility to effectively or accurately transform a text to meet the requirements placed on it by contemporary values while concurrently retaining representations of the â€Å"parent† society, without fully understanding the driving mechanics behind the social order (or disorder) from which the context is derived. Although at first glance the Makellan/Locraine’s Richard III seemsRead MoreEssay on Richard III as a Successful Politician2410 Words   |  10 PagesRichard III as a Successful Politician Shakespeares Richard III is set in England after the War of the Roses. Richard, the megalomanic eponymous character, is desperate for the throne of England. He tells us that he seeks the crown to compensate for his deformity (he was a hunchback from birth). Richard has his own brother killed and later has former allies and those who still stood in his way killed also. When Richard eventually gainsRead MoreA Midsummer Nights Dream And Richard II Vs Othello Essay1379 Words   |  6 PagesThis paper will examine the treatment of women in William Shakespeare’s one or two plays: A Midsummer Night’s Dream and Richard II vs Othello. In Midsummer Night’s Dream, we encounter four main female characters who come from three different backgrounds. It is a play that shows a good picture of woman’s lack of freedom. It is a story of several couples about of which there is a fairy king, Oberon, who proves his dominion over the queen of the fairies. 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Ethical Issues in Marketing - 3405 Words

Ethical Issues in Marketing: The Context of Developing Countries Introduction: Marketing, in contemporary times, has seen a tumultuous change in the way its conducted in developing countries. The oft cited dictum that only change is constant in the marketing genre is an apposite one. Just as the media of social communication themselves have enormous influence everywhere, so advertising and marketing, using media as their vehicles, are pervasive, powerful forces shaping attitudes and behavior in todays world. Four reasons are attributed to the fugacious nature of the way marketing practices are being carried out in developing countries 1. The role of Information and Communication technologies: As ICTs evolve so do marketing practices. If†¦show more content†¦One department store utilizing the hidden messages reported a savings of $US600, 000 by reducing theft 37 percent during a nine month period. So, if subliminal messages evidently work in self-help tapes and embedded in department store music, it certainly seams reasonable that they wou ld also work and perhaps even work better in a visual medium such as television. In developing countries the regulating watchdogs and related establishments are still in stages of latency so that the possibility that viewers who would be subject to such measures would probably never ever know that they were the focus of such procedures. The Ethical Issue of Creating Demand In the words of Pope John Paul II, advertising also can be, and often is, a tool of the phenomenon of consumerism. Sometimes advertisers speak of it as part of their task to create needs for products and services - that is, to cause people to feel and act upon desires for items and services they would ordinarily not need. A piquant issue arises when consumerist attitudes and values are transmitted by communications media and advertising to developing countries, where they exacerbate socio-economic problems and harm the poor. While a judicious use of advertising can stimulate developing countries to improve their s tandard of living, serious harm can be done to them if advertising and commercial pressure become so irresponsible that communities seeking to rise from poverty to a reasonable standard ofShow MoreRelatedEthical Issues With Ethical Marketing Essay1333 Words   |  6 PagesIssues with Ethical Marketing Ethical problems in marketing starts with conflicts and disagreements. Each party in the marketing transaction brings expectations of how the business relationship will exist and how the transaction should be conducted. Some ethical problems in marketing research aren’t always the invasion of privacy and stereotyping. 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However view of matter will change over time. Due to this societal marketing concept has emerged which requires that marketer adhere to socially responsible and ethical practices in the marketing of their goods and products. Below is the definitionRead MoreEthical Issues Of Marketing : Marketing Ethics871 Words   |  4 PagesEthical issues in Marketing - Marketing ethics deals with the moral principles behind the operation and regulation of marketing. 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The Rise in Youth Homelessness in Canada Essay - 1180 Words

Today in Canada, a rise in youth homelessness is being observed across the country. Despite common assumptions, the issue of street youth is not isolated to Toronto or Montreal, but has become pervasive across the country. Although accurate statistics are impossible to come by, the disturbing reality is that both urban centers and rural communities nationwide, are struggling to provide their youth with adequate, affordable housing. Issues surrounding the supply and affordability of housing, combined with personal circumstances characterized by instability, are distancing youth’s access to housing. These causes and their overall consequences, must be faced before lasting solutions can be shaped by society. Housing Canada’s street youth will†¦show more content†¦Many of these youth have been raised in foster homes and other environments lacking the social, and often economic stability, necessary for seamless transitions into society and the workforce. Over 15% of homeless youth reported their families as having suffered from homelessness at some point. Physical and sexual abuse is often extremely prevalent among street youth. A study conducted in Toronto indicated that more than 70% of homeless youth had left home due to physical or sexual abuse. Finally, homeless youth tend to be characterized by their lack of resources and job readiness. In 2003, over 35% of Canadian street youth reported that they had dropped out of high school, or had been permanently expelled. These social causes only serve to perpetuate homelessness from the economic side. According to former NDP leader Jack Layton (Layton 2008: xix), the economic causes of youth homelessness can be summarized by stating that homelessness is an issue of both supply and affordability . Looking specifically at Atlantic Canada, affordable housing is a primary concern for those tacking homelessness. According to Layton, â€Å"In New Brunswick, where poverty is an issue, few new subsidized housing units have been built in the last 10 years, and there is no supportive housing. The poor condition of the existing housing stock contributes to youthShow MoreRelatedCauses And Effects Of Homelessness Essay1267 Words   |  6 Pages Causes and effects of homelessness in industrialized countries Student Name Institution â€Æ' Introduction Homelessness is the lack of a place to leave or sleep especially during the night. Homeless people do not have proper housing, security and most of them sleep in different places depending on various conditions. Homelessness definition can vary in countries or in various regions in the same country. According to Evans, L., Strathdee in the book â€Å"A roof is not enough†, he explainsRead MoreCurrent Factors Affecting The Rights Of Homeless People Essay782 Words   |  4 PagesO Grady et al., (2011) indicate that many jurisdictions throughout Canada have implemented measures to restrict the rights of homeless people. These measures include controlling public behaviours and income-generating activities through enforcement of the SSA by police and the criminal justice system. This literature suggests that the over-reliance on emergency services to address homelessness ... when there is an insufficient investment in prevention and affordable housing... is irresponsibleRead Mo reThe Proposed Action Plan1878 Words   |  8 PagesINTRODUCTION Canada has made great progress in addressing the issue of homelessness in the country, however there hasn’t been much thought into long term solutions to the problem and prevention. 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HG Wells successfully brings a sense of fear and danger through his writing techniques Essay Example For Students

HG Wells successfully brings a sense of fear and danger through his writing techniques Essay In the science-fiction novel The War of Worlds, Wells uses a contemporary setting in which new ideas are being formulated and new discoveries are being made. Charles Darwins Origin of Species had just been written and scientists were exploring the possibilities of life on other planets. H.G Wells uses the theory of evolution to great effect and portrays humans as the weaker race. Wells introduces beings that are so evolved that they technologically dwarf the human race. He does not let the reader escape the fear brought on by the idea that there are creatures significantly superior to themselves. Almost instantly, Wells succeeds in making his audience feel insecure. He describes how the people on Earth are being watched and how the Martians scrutinized and studied. The feeling of insecurity is further enhanced by the humans being oblivious to the fact that they were being watched. It is inferred that the Martians know much about the human way of life and will use it to their advantage. This supreme knowledge is in stark contrast to the ignorant and unsuspecting nature of the human race. For the reader, it is frightening to think of the possibility that there is a force so powerful, that humans are compared to transient creatures that swarm and multiply in a drop of water. Wells objects to the arrogance of his fellow men, Yet so vain is man, and so blinded by his vanity. It is also expressed that their frightening lack of preparation in their supposedly secure environment will lead to their downfall. It seemed so safe and tranquil indicates the calm before the impending storm. Wells portrays the planet of Mars as rapidly deteriorating and thus unable to sustain life for much longer, it is not only more distant from lifes beginning but nearer its end. The novel is given a sense of scientific credibility through the use of precise numerical detail, The planet Marsrevolves about the Sun at a mean distance of 140,000,000 miles. Written at the turn of the century there was a strong belief in the integrity of science. Thus, since Wells supports his fictional presentation of alien invasion with scientific fact it is deemed realistic and consequently more terrifying. Further fear is derived from the fact that Martians must colonise new planets no matter what the cost. The immediate pressure of necessity has brightened their intellects, enlarged their powers, and hardened their hearts, emphasises the Martians desperation and the sense of imminent danger. In War of the Worlds Wells cleverly makes an unlikely situation seem real by using real place names such as Chobam, Shepperton and St.Albans. It is unnerving that these places mentioned that once seemed so secure, are destroyed in a matter of minutes. The novel also features ordinary people and how they react at the face of adversity. The reader identifies with these ordinary civilians and is able to empathise with their distress. The readers emotional involvement with the characters deepens their fear and concern regarding their fate. Wells induces fear by forcing the reader to contemplate their personal response to chaos and destruction. It is arguable that, , if ever confronted with such a situation , the reader would respond like the narrator or the narrators brother who both behave rationally whilst under pressure. In contrast the Curate cannot cope and thinks that the Martians were sent by God and there is no hope of survival, How can Gods ministers be killed? The Curates demise, undermines the audiences belief in stability and organisation of society. Furthermore is the reader is shocked into considering their own reaction when confronted with anarchy and uproar. Using these two contrasting characters, Wells cleverly puts the reader in the uncomfortable position of asking how they would react. The reader is forced to consider the extreme lengths that people will go to ensure their survival, three people at leastwere crushed and trampled there and left to die. .uecfc007136f7306c9643e25b1cd0e948 , .uecfc007136f7306c9643e25b1cd0e948 .postImageUrl , .uecfc007136f7306c9643e25b1cd0e948 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uecfc007136f7306c9643e25b1cd0e948 , .uecfc007136f7306c9643e25b1cd0e948:hover , .uecfc007136f7306c9643e25b1cd0e948:visited , .uecfc007136f7306c9643e25b1cd0e948:active { border:0!important; } .uecfc007136f7306c9643e25b1cd0e948 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uecfc007136f7306c9643e25b1cd0e948 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uecfc007136f7306c9643e25b1cd0e948:active , .uecfc007136f7306c9643e25b1cd0e948:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uecfc007136f7306c9643e25b1cd0e948 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uecfc007136f7306c9643e25b1cd0e948 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uecfc007136f7306c9643e25b1cd0e948 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uecfc007136f7306c9643e25b1cd0e948 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uecfc007136f7306c9643e25b1cd0e948:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uecfc007136f7306c9643e25b1cd0e948 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uecfc007136f7306c9643e25b1cd0e948 .uecfc007136f7306c9643e25b1cd0e948-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uecfc007136f7306c9643e25b1cd0e948:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Writing essay about William ShakespeareWells further induces horror by portraying the hideous ways by which the Martians feed. He describes it in such a way that is not only awful but realistic also, and then began a shrieking and a sustained and cheerful hooting from the Martians. The narrator and the Curate see this taking place from the ruined house and Wells takes full advantage of this to increase the tension of the reader, brought on by the potential danger of their close proximity to the Martians. The tension is increased by the man and the young boy being killed and eaten to satisfy the hunger of the extra terrestrial beasts. The suspense in the ruined house howeve r, comes to a climax when the Martians hear the Curates cries, I have been still too long in tone that must have reached the pit. Wells portrays the narrators fear to great affect as the Martian probed the inside of the house, its gripping limbs curled inside the debris. The reader feels the narrators absolute terror as he takes refuge in the coal cellar, just feet away from the Martian, it touched the heel of my boot. I was on the verge of screaming. I bit my hand. Wells uses minimal detail when portraying gore and horror. To induce fear, the reader is forced to engage their imagination and in doing so becomes more involved with the emotions and fear. This is shown to be case when the Martians feed on the humans, He vanished behind the mound, and for a moment there was silence. Wells parallels the safe areas and areas of destruction to make the scenes of carnage seem more dangerous and terrifying. Not far from where the heat ray had been used, people do not even know of the Martians, Whats it all abart? The contrast between peace and mayhem increases the deadliness and horror of the Martians. The reader feels tension for the people that are so close to the Martians but are oblivious to their existence. The lack of communication and transport between small distances is worrying and creates suspense within the audience. When the narrator takes his wife just twelve miles away from the danger in Leatherhead, the reader is anxious as to whether this will be far enough away to ensure her safety. Wells audience is shocked and scared by the sheer power and might of the invading Martians. Not even the military can oppose the formidable force as previously thought, the sojersll stop em. Any human resistance appears futile and the reader is worried by their helplessness, The Cardigan men had tried a rushonly to be swept out of existence. At the time the British army was considered to be the best in the world and Wells makes his readers think the uncomfortable thought that if the greatest force cannot over come these beasts, there is no hope for survival, Death is coming! The thought that the human race is helpless to these Martians is highlighted by the destruction of the Thunderchild. The humans hopes are dashed when they see their pinnacle of modern technology being obliterated with relative ease, as it flew it rained darkness down on the land. Wells uses similes to great effect in this novel. When the first cylinder lands it is described as a poisoned dart. This warns the reader of impending doom and that the Martians will take over and plague the planet. Wells also makes the reader more apprehensive of the Martians by making them seem mystical and even more extra-terrestrial, causing a flash of light like summer lightening. To emphasise that the humans were being watched, and to make his audience uncomfortable, Wells uses alliteration. Scrutinised and studied reinforces the idea that the Martians are superior and makes them seem more powerful. To highlight the inevitable onslaught, Wells highlights the differences between the two species and describes the hideous physical attributes of the Martians, The lipless brim of which quivered and panted, dropping saliva. The body heaved and pulsated convulsively. .u2697374a00243acabe53aaba81f9c0c0 , .u2697374a00243acabe53aaba81f9c0c0 .postImageUrl , .u2697374a00243acabe53aaba81f9c0c0 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u2697374a00243acabe53aaba81f9c0c0 , .u2697374a00243acabe53aaba81f9c0c0:hover , .u2697374a00243acabe53aaba81f9c0c0:visited , .u2697374a00243acabe53aaba81f9c0c0:active { border:0!important; } .u2697374a00243acabe53aaba81f9c0c0 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u2697374a00243acabe53aaba81f9c0c0 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u2697374a00243acabe53aaba81f9c0c0:active , .u2697374a00243acabe53aaba81f9c0c0:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u2697374a00243acabe53aaba81f9c0c0 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u2697374a00243acabe53aaba81f9c0c0 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u2697374a00243acabe53aaba81f9c0c0 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u2697374a00243acabe53aaba81f9c0c0 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u2697374a00243acabe53aaba81f9c0c0:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u2697374a00243acabe53aaba81f9c0c0 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u2697374a00243acabe53aaba81f9c0c0 .u2697374a00243acabe53aaba81f9c0c0-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u2697374a00243acabe53aaba81f9c0c0:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The Cycle of Fear EssayH.G Wells has succeeded in bringing fear and danger into the novel by making the reader aware of the emotions endured by the characters. The audience can relate to the novel as it uses a contemporary setting and the problems encountered can be applicable to the real world. Moreover, Wells uses the main theme of survival of the fittest and does not let his readers escape the possibility that they not the dominant species. He forces them to think of the consequences of being an inferior race, which for humans is an uncomfortable and unnerving thought.