Green Architecture :: Sustainable Building Environment Essays

Green ArchitectureGreen architecture is an approach to building which has become more popular in the last 25 to 30 years. Also known as sustainable bod, green architecture is a method of design that minimizes the impact of building on the environment. Once approximation of as unconventional and nonstandard, both regulatory agencies and the public alike are quickly accepting green architecture as a socially answerable and logical means of anatomical structure. The beginnings of todays green revolution can be traced back to the environmental awareness of the 1960s and European design. New construction techniques have path to the development of innovative materials and design concepts. Green buildings are designed, constructed and commissioned to ensure they are healthy for their occupants. Successfully designed green projects can involve an lengthy array of factors, ranging from the resourceful use of materials, to careful regard of function, climate, and location. The concepts about green architecture can generally be organized into several areas of application. These areas include sustainability, materials, get-up-and-go cogency, land use, and waste reduction. Green buildings are not only designed for present use, but consideration is also been given to future uses as well. An adaptable structure can be recycled many times over the course of its useful life. If specific technical issues prevent use of the building for a newly function, then the materials used in its construction are designed to facilitate ease of recycling and reprocessing of materials. Buildings consume a variety of materials in their construction. Green design reduces the dependence on resource intensive products and materials. Today, there are an increasing number of products available made from efficient, earth-friendly, or recycled materials. In a green building, consideration is also given to the construction process itself. Materials that minimize waste or can be recycled, help contribute to an efficient and environmentally sensitive construction process. An otherwise important aspect of green architecture is the integration of energy efficient mechanical systems and conservation methods. Green buildings are designed to reduce or eliminate the dependence on fossil fuels. Additionally, green designs further help to minimize waste through the use of gray water recycling and other sustainable energy strategies. Grey water is conserved or saved to be recycled to water gardens. Land use and building orientation also plays a critical role in green architecture. A green building is located to take advantage of its climate and surroundings. These conditions not only affect the efficiency of a building, but of the community and society as a whole.

What is an expert? Essay -- essays research papers

Currently the most prevalent is that an expert is a person who has some cleverness or knowledge in some domain that is matched by only a few other people. These people are thus extraordinary in some way. Anders Ericsson, probably the best known of the researchers on expertise defines expertise as Relatively stable outstanding performance. dependables are often labeled as such. People called exceptional, superior, gifted, talented, specialist, expert, etc. tend to belong to the set of experts. There is no doubt that there are large differences in the quality of performance of contrastive people on different tasks or in different domains. We can think of this difference as a scale of expertise. Novices are those who do non perform very well, and we can move through different levels of expertise until we find some individuals that we might say are skilled or knowing beyond that of almost everyone else in the world, or world class. What is the nature of this dimension? What are the categories within which this level of expertise motif applies? Becoming an expert in any domain requires experience and effort. Don Norman introduced the notion that an someone requires 10,000 hours of experience and practice for reasonably complex domains to have the possibility of being an expert. most people seem to agree with that assessment. In order for someone to become an expert in physics, music, chess, psychology, mathematics, baseball, etc. takes legion(predicate) hours, even years, of hard work and practice. ***Keith Ericsson in viewing the development of expertise argued that the most important factor, perhaps even necessary and sufficient for developing expertise is deliberative practice. Deliberative practice has cardinal properties (1) it is at an appropriate level of difficulty, (2) the participant receives informative feedback, (3) the participant has many opportunities for repetition, and (4) the participant has th opportunity to correct for errors (from Ericsso n (1996 found in Sternberg & Ben-Zeev (2001). If we focus on the process of becoming an expert rather than the claim that only a few become expert, we may come to a position I scratch heard from Micki Chi. Children are universal novices. They have not developed very many of the component skills requisite for any domain. Decalage is the order of the day many of the skills needed are relatively domain specific. The topics in t... ...wa workshops Miss America candidates from Texas Prodigies of all sorts. Winton Marsalis view on becoming an expert commitment, listening, training, practice, confidence, independence. Component skills and knowledges. Must borrow many of them, learn to apply them in the right places, and integrate them to the new task. Some knowledge and skill must be learned from scratch. Many skills need to be developed more highly. It is possible that all of the component skills can be decomposed into simple enough parts that they are known a priori however, expertise hushed requires integrating and restructuring them into usable schemata. What is the state of novice performance? Inchoate states, random trial and error, frustration, backward chaining, small units, surface form, separate nonintegrated components, bottom-up Expert performance--focused, much forward chaining, top-down, coherent and integrated, abstract organization, large units, proceduralization, integrated sequences, skillful, selective. Ericsson, K. A. (1996). The road to excellence. Mahwah, NJ Erlbaum Sternberg, R. J. & Ben-Zeev, T. (2001) Complex Cognition The psychology of human thought. New York Oxford.

And God said, ?Let there be light? :: essays research papers

All I can see is white. Clean, pristine, sterile white. I hear beeping. It almost drives me insane. I stare at the ceiling. Mottled white tiles interrupted by the glow of fluorescent lights. I listen to their voices, however they are muffled. Like there is a curtain between us. I only hear snatches of the conversation. What happened to him? What is wrong with my husband?I am sorry, Maam We are still running tests. We dont pick out what is wrong. He was like this when the chopper air lifted him in But he was with his brother. Bush walking. Where is his brother? Is he here too, Doctor?No. They nominate him alone in the national park. Crawling on all fours. He was muttering incoherently. It is lucky they found him.The voices fade again into the recesses of my mind. Come on mate. surge up Get a move on Joe calls back down the mountain.I call for my brother to wait for me, that as usual, he charges ahead. I struggle up the rock face, searching for footholds. I scrape my knee. It sti ngs. I reach up and grasp a fern dangling down, inviting me to grab hold. I lift myself up and finally reach the top. Joe is there sitting on a fallen log, just waiting for me to catch up. Damn Asthma. It always makes me slower. Glad you could junction me, he laughs, teasingly. I take a seat next to him and stare out across the valley, trying to catch my breath. The brochures were right. This truly is one of the most dreaded views I have ever seen. It is perfect. Dense, green huddles of trees, broken only by the occasional sparkling river or camping clearing. The sounds are magnificent as well. Birds twittering tunefully, not squawking like they seemed to in the city. Absolute peace and tranquillity. The doctor shines his tiny torch in my eyes. A nurse comes over and adjusts my head. I try to say something but my tongue is stuck. She smiles at me as if Im a child and pats me on the head. Then she says something in that sing-song voice that people tend to use close to little babi es. I lash out. Kicking, punching, screaming, crying, all at the same time. I fight with the sheets. Let me out I try to get up but I feel claws pushing me back down.

When Will It End? :: essays research papers

You may heard of me in ancient history. I am Genghis Khan and I,would like to share a story that was not recorded in history.In 1199 near the middle of winter,on the northern borders of china. My two best men and I were left standing,after being at war with the mongolians for several weeks,filled with ache and dressed with wounds decided to retreat to home to heal and gather more men. I yelled lets go,We lofted on our horses,and right at that moment,a loft of arrows desended,up on each three of us killing my two men,and leaving me wounded in the arm, i broke the shaft of the arrow,and pulled it out,flung it on the ground and dug my spurs into my horses flesh,and like a bolt of lighting we shot through the woods.I knew my horse was weak, not having much to eat,but some bark off the trees,because of the heavy snow, my prayers were to the effect,that i would be home soon. I could hear hoof beats off in the distance,they sounded like they were getting closer, all i had on my mind was darkness.Once dark my chances of escape are outlying(prenominal) better,I was still bleeding and felt like my horse was about to give up,as we arrived at the top of the mountain,looking down the other side and down at the female genitals was a long winding river,i knew this was my escape,my horse collapsed to its side,gave his last breath.At that moment i heard a branch break,looking over my shoulder,gettig closer was that small army,of mongolians,run,run,run was going through my mind,i was weak and could not move very fast.i could here the words of the savages,bragging about how much my soul was worth,then i slipped on the hard snow hit my head

A Black Cloud :: essays research papers

A Black CloudThe heart is an organ of fire, filled with wild love and intensehatred. Yet it is the hatred which entwines the lives of people causing them todisplay acts of violence and cruelty. Hatred is displayed through forms whichinclude prejudices towards large groups of people, crimes of hatred beingcommitted, and indirect hatred which involves annoyance others as an act ofrebellion against someone or something.Through break history, the world has been afflicted by the prejudices ofpowerful leaders who in turn took their animosity out on large masses of people.Adolf Hitler, the leader of Germany during World War II, is a prime example ofthis. He took his hatred out on the Jews, forcing them into concentration camps.another(prenominal)(prenominal) group that is a target of hatred argon the blacks. The Ku Klux Klan,otherwise known as the KKK, possess intense hatred for the black race. Theirhatred is demonstrated by marching in white cloaks in protest and also byburning the chur ches and neighborhoods of blacks. Just as Hitler and the KKKexpress hatred, the Skinheads are yet another group which have strong prejudices.These so called Skinheads abominate most races other than their own. Whitehooded silhouettes, German Soldiers echoing Hail Hitler, and the infamousSkinheads are harsh reminders of hatred which exists throughout the world.In the same way that prejudices of large groups of people are expressed,hate crimes are committed to demonstrate acts of hatred. Most fresh are theburning of black churches across the South. A crime of this sort utters hatredagainst the black race. Sometimes leading to manslaughter, racial tensions areabundant. Furthermore, the burning of crosses or flags are offensive crimesthat are committed to show a persons hatred for religion or the government.Spousal abuse, child abuse, homicide, and wars between races can only be acts ofone thing hatred. Newspapers are filled with page after page of storiesrevealing the immense amount of hatred that our society possesses.Although crimes are committed to show hatred directly, there are othercrimes which can also show hatred but in ways that are indirect. Think back tothe okeh City Bombing it is a perfect example of indirect hatred. This istrue because the motive of the bombers was to attempt to take revenge on thegovernment, but instead the bombers took the lives of straightforward people who werein the building. Moreover, the Empire State Building gunmans plan was to take

A Black Cloud :: essays research papers

A Black CloudThe heart is an organ of fire, filled with discriminating love and intense hatred. Yet it is the hatred which entwines the lives of people causing them todisplay acts of violence and cruelty. Hatred is displayed through forms whichinclude prejudices towards large groups of people, crimes of hatred beingcommitted, and confirming hatred which involves hurting others as an act ofrebellion against someone or something.Throughout history, the world has been afflicted by the prejudices ofpowerful leaders who in free rein took their animosity out on large masses of people.Adolf Hitler, the leader of Germany during World War II, is a prime example ofthis. He took his hatred out on the Jews, forcing them into concentration camps.Another group that is a target of hatred ar the blacks. The Ku Klux Klan,otherwise known as the KKK, possess intense hatred for the black race. Theirhatred is adjoind by marching in white cloaks in protest and also byburning the churches and neighb orhoods of blacks. Just as Hitler and the KKKexpress hatred, the Skinheads ar yet another group which have strong prejudices.These so called Skinheads abominate most races other than their own. Whitehooded silhouettes, German Soldiers echoing Hail Hitler, and the infamousSkinheads are harsh reminders of hatred which exists throughout the world.In the same way that prejudices of large groups of people are expressed,hate crimes are committed to demonstrate acts of hatred. Most recent are theburning of black churches across the South. A crime of this sort shows hatredagainst the black race. Sometimes leading to manslaughter, racial tensions areabundant. Furthermore, the burning of crosses or flags are offensive crimesthat are committed to show a persons hatred for religion or the government.Spousal abuse, child abuse, homicide, and wars between races hindquarters only be acts ofone thing hatred. Newspapers are filled with page after page of storiesrevealing the immense amount of hatr ed that our society possesses.Although crimes are committed to show hatred directly, there are othercrimes which can also show hatred notwithstanding in ways that are indirect. theorise back tothe Oklahoma City Bombing it is a perfect example of indirect hatred. This istrue because the motive of the bombers was to attempt to take revenge on thegovernment, but instead the bombers took the lives of innocent people who werein the building. Moreover, the Empire State Building gunmans plan was to take

Definitions of Economics by Adam Smith and Alfred Marshall Essay

correspond to J B Say, economics was defined as Science which deals with wealth. According to the definitions as pronounced by Adam Smith and J B Say, the main focus of study for economics has been defined as accumulation of wealth or acquirement of wealth.The following ar the merits of the definition pertaining to science of wealth 1.It foc subroutines on important aspects of economics like production, distribution etc., 2.It highlighted an important problem confront by each and every nation of the wealth, namely creation of wealth and 3.The problem of poverty and unemployment can be solved if wealth is produced and distributed equitably. The following are the demerits with regard to the definition pertaining to science of wealth It concentrates only on material wealth and ignores creation of immaterial wealth like services of doctors, chartered accountants etc., It to a fault ignores social welfareScience of material well-beingUnder this group of definitions, the emphasis is on welfare as compared with wealth in the matter of group. Alfred Marshall, the neo-classicist increase economics from its ignoble position to a noble one and it was he who shifted the emphasis from wealth to welfare.Economics was defined as follows according to him Economics is a study of objet dartkind in the ordinary business of life and it examines that part of individual and social action which is most closely connected with the attainment and with the use of the material requisites of well-being. Thus, it is on the one side a study of wealth and on the other and more important side, a part of the study of man.It can be seen that economics has been defined as a study of mankind in the ordinary business of life. Ordinary business of life agent those activities which occupy considerable part of human effort. The fulfillment of economic needs is a very important business which every man ordinarily does. According to Professor Marshall, economics has been understood as the study of wealth however, it is also the study of man, his desires and necessities.The following are the demerits in defining economics as the science of material well-being It ignores things like services of singers, teachers, actors etc., It is very difficult to state that which things would lead to welfare and which will not.Referencehttp//classof1.com/homework-help/economics-homework-help

Management Qualification Case Study Essay

Dear Amanda, as you know so m both start-up sm in all(prenominal) handicraftes like yours and often feast in to the trouble of mismanagement because of so many assumptions based on establishing the business mission, vision statements human resource management neglect of employee motivation lack of properly defined working standards for employees and other outcomes measurable not taking any concern of negative information about the physical composition especially from the clients which cost the organizations image and remaining too busy to pay attention to the establishment of problem solutions, lack of equity among employees and lack of proper follow up on the employees work. All these are consolidated in the four functions of management which are organizing, planning, controlling and directing.As the manager of Smith accounting and Tax service business, you I acknowledge the fact that you had the right qualifications and had a good start as you identified an opportunity to exp and your business and did just like that of (Gronkiewicz, & Churchill, 2006). Your work is worthy however, the most grave part of overseeing the business is what you put aside with the aim of acquiring more clients and nark more returns. Planning is quite classical for any business regardless if it is large or small. This is because all functions associated with management fall under planning and lack of planning is planning to fail (Guzzle, 2011). On whiz part of the business, the management was good because upon realizing that and expansion opportunity was available you arrestd the opportunity and announcedinterviews for qualified professionals which was quite successful. However, the fact that Lisa was responsible for the interviews is quite a failure.This is because it is sort out from your case that Lisa had not qualifications in the field of accounting and taxation. She may hire been quite alright in picking the best and most competent employees from their applications programme documents but this does not mean that your presence should not have made a difference (Rane, 2007).This clearly indicates that blush though your company knew what they wanted to seize the expansion opportunity, on that point was lack of human resource planning which is clearly evident in the underestimation of the job description, job design, selection and recruitment.It is true Lisa had worked with you for whatever time and was doing great but there was no reason for the owner of the business to have little or no time for new employees during their interviews til now she is the angiotensin-converting enzyme who knew what she needed most (Buzzle, 2011). The success of the interviews was yet some other source of planning because, dear Amanda you came to believe that Lisa was competent enough to handle duties requiring your attention even without. This made your schedule too tight for responsibilities that you and only you could handle hence poor time management that found you too busy to have worthful time to result guidance and management direction concerning the works of the other of your employees (Rane, 2007).I am glad you identified your failure before it was too latish as with right planning of your time as the manager, and with such a dedicated assistance such as Lisa, planning your time to suit all your responsibilities with little or no delegation of powers is quite essential.Amanda, you and me agree that your business wants to go places in the future, but with the presence of conflicting interests and al itinerarys delegated duties, chances are that the business will fail and the future remain doomed (Frankiewicz, & Churchill, 2006). So what is right to bring your business back on feet is to ensure that you deal with the present problems one later on the other and promise your clients to expect even better services in future.Reassure your employees that their trust in your services is not in narcissistic andthat you will work towa rds that by implementing proper time management leaving time even for emergency matters that may call for your attention even out from the days schedule. After the business is up, ensure you implement proper human resource planning, job design and description, selection and recruitment processes. Be there and let the new employees get to know who they will be working for and what is expected of them (Rane, 2007). Probably Lisa lacked the knowledge to tell them what was expected of them and which made even you to collide with that you were dealing with intellectuals who understood their job well and would always give their best.Amanda, remember that planning for all businesses is ongoing. The reasons for my arguments are because the external and internal factors affecting your business arent constant. For instance in your case, it was only after four months in business that Lisa started receiving calls from unsatisfied clients (Frankiewicz, & Churchill, 2006). Despite the fact that these clients held the future of your business, you chose to ignore them and left Lisa to maneuver her way out in dealing with them. Clearly, Lisa isnt qualified in that field and as a manager you delegated duties and locations to your newly employed accountants which mean Lisa was carrying the burden of another employee. Having received such calls from clients meant that you as the manager had to call an urgent meeting with the employee responsible and deal with the problem from that point on. However, you chose to depend on the mission and saying of the organization assuming that the zeal it brought to you was the same given to everyone else (Rane, 2007).In such a case Amanda, a manager must always offer directions to the employees after assessing their work and performance. It is true that new clients were forthcoming as can be seen from the range of returns brought in by the employees, 100-175. However, the quality of services was way too cold from what a business in need of a larger market share and a competitive advantage was after (Buzzle, 2011). Including directions in your management is important in a number of ways. First, all employees are prone to deviating from the business goals and objectives probably due to the pressure that comes with the work they are to do. However, this does notmean you march on them to themselves to solve such problems. Instead, as a manager, there is need for constant provision of guidance and instructions geared towards achievement of the organizations goals and objectives.Lisa, your role as a manager should be offering directions and instructions and that is what is wanted. For Amanda who was your acquaintance at the initiation of the business, good work is always rewarded. However, the other new employees, despite working operose and bringing commendable results within the first taxation year, no rewards have been offered to them. Employee motivation is quite essential in employee performance (Rane, 2007). This is because having great qualifications for the job doesnt mean that the client must always offer their best. Something must be through with(p) to make them feel as the most important part of the organization without the efforts of which the organization would not be where it is.Amanda, adopting directions or leadership in your management will provide influence to the employees as well as mould their fashion towards the attainment of the organizations goals and objectives. Additionally, this will serve as a guide to the employees towards the attainment of personal and career goals. Influencing the employees through employee motivation may include provision of incentives and other benefits and rewards to hard working employees (Frankiewicz, & Churchill, 2006). Additionally Amanda, with effective communications, the relationship between you and the employees is bond to improve for the better and this will work effectively in problem solvent as problems will be discovered on time, discu ssed and efficient solutions achieved for the same.Your leadership efforts are appreciated in incorporating the Monday mornings for meetings to discuss individual progress. However, you leave out an important point of requiring knowing the challenges and the different problems being faced by the individuals in their working places. This s important in identifying areas of concern that affects all employees including yourself and searching for solutions to make your services of better quality and reliable.As a manager, you lacked control of your organization. Amanda this allows me to point out several occasions such experiences happened (Marcic, & Daft, 2010). For instance, despite employees being aware of their duties and responsibilities, you failed to provide them with standards. For companies such as yours where one is recognized by the number of new clients they bring in, it is easy for the employees to forget the other performance requirements like quality, timely and equal se rvices (Rane, 2007). This is what happened in your case as well, it was only after about four months of operations the newly acquired clients started complaining of poor services. Instead of depending on their qualifications, you should have insisted on an evaluation and job performance reporting session that would have provided the details of ones work and how they meet organizations goals and objectives. This way you could have kept track of the performance of each employee for guidance and directions.Lastly Amanda, as a manager you should have been the best organizer for the company. By organization it means that everything should be done for a reason and everything done must be accounted for (Marcic, & Daft, 2010). Allocating employees to different locations was one step to organization but much needed to be done in terms of matching the input resources to the outcomes in terms of consumer satisfaction and companys returns (Frankiewicz, & Churchill, 2006). Your workplace for on e wasnt organized since everything was left as the role of Lisa your assistance. This would have been probably the source of low motivation amongst employees to meet the organizations objectives in their services. I recommend that you as a manager handle all the personnel and resources in the most profitable way to your organization.This way, you gain respect, employees feel responsible for their actions and the workplace becomes something everyone longs to be in (Rane, 2007).bibliographyBuzzle, (2011). Management concepts. Buzzle.com. retrieved on 14 Oct 2011 from http//www.buzzle.com/articles/management-concepts-the-four-functions-of-management.html. Frankiewicz, C., & Churchill, C., (2006). Managing for amend

Equality and Diversity Essay

This essay examines the key factors that influence inclusive learning and t each(prenominal)ing in the lifelong learning sector. Teaching methods volition vary according to what you extremity to get out of the session, what the bookmans ar open to achieve inside the time frame, what materials and resources argon available, what you are training, the inevitably of the learners and your personal style. This could be formal, informal or a mixture of both. Formal teaching methods include lecturers, demonstrations and presentations. Informal teaching includes discussions, gathering work and working activities.As I will be teaching within the Beauty Therapy my lessons would be a mixture of both these delivery methods. Each activity within the classroom will consist of teaching and learning activities which are balanced to meet the different needs of my learners. Blended learning incorporates both traditional and information processing system based methods. This is commonly refer red to as Information learning technology (ICT) this use of computer based technology to enhance teaching methods and resources or develop learner autonomy is widely promoted. The other main teaching methods other than ICT I am opting to use are lecturers and demonstrations.These demonstrations are very important as it would give the students the beauty routine that we would expect them to follow within their practical sessions. This ensures that students will be working to the same standard and will also adhere to the requirements of the present body. Practical sessions also service to explain difficult parts of the t take when verbal exposition in not enough. I would also use convocation work activities, these particularly suit kinaesthetic learners but also when you have a group consisting of various abilities it all(a)ows both weak and strong learners to work collectively. heading and Answer sessions will be most commonly used in my tutorials. If I was teaching for congress man the bones and muscles of the body) I would ask students to identify where muscles are on the body to help promote learning. At the start of the course the approach I will use to facilitate inclusive learning will be to carry out an initial assessment. This will help me identify what type of learners they are, I would then plan my teaching sessions to meet these individual needs by using a mix of visual, auditory, kinaesthetic teaching and learning strategies.For example I had just completed a practical demonstration to my group on a facial routine, I wanted to make sure my learners could confidently work in pairs and practice this routine on each other. A task like this would suit the kinaesthetic be run he/she is provided with an opportunity to do and learn, and for the visual learner I would create a step by step illustrated hand-out to birth the routine. The Equality Act 2010 outlines protective characteristics which promote equation within schools and colleges and prevent discrimination. This includes sexuality, sex, disability, marital status and religion.In order to promote equality in my classroom I will need to respond positively to the diverse needs of all learners. Effective communication with learners is essential and it is the instructors responsibility to ensure that learners understand provide vocabulary and terminology and that comments are not discriminatory or offensive. As a teacher I would play along language simple so that if I have a learner from different backgrounds they may not have the same level of English as British learners. Resources used such as hand-outs, assignments and work sheets will also aim to promote equality and diversity.For example I would produce worksheets in a gender free language and also aim to promote multiculturalism by producing scenario based worksheets that use names from various ethnic backgrounds. I would also yard my sessions so students have plenty of time to take notes and ask any questions. Al though inclusion is about supporting learners needs. It is not always possible for teachers to do this without support themselves. All teachers should be aware of the limits of their own responsibility and know when and where to access support for learners. you will not be able to get students to solve all their own difficulties. Get to know and use your institutions student services or pastoral support system it exists to support your students, and you, so do refer where it is appropriate Petty 2004 There are many places of referral within education these can be both internal within the education establishment or an immaterial organisation. The internal places of referral may include student support services, learner study support centre, and counselling and careers advice.If I had a student for example who needed help with writing their essay I would arrange for them to go to the learner study support centre who would be able to assist Learners with learning difficulties or disab ilities may need additional support and may need a designated support worker to support them within the classroom. A learner with dyslexia may find it difficult to read text or numbers or have difficulty with writing and spelling, therefore I would produce written hand-outs and allow learners with dyslexia to present their ideas verbally or tape notes if necessary.Political correctness is a commonly used term at the moment and is used to ensure that expressions do not cause offence to any particular group of people. There are also many away agencies where learners can be referred, and which agency they are referred to would depend on the individuals needs of the learner. This may include health related issues, family difficulties, poor attendance, or repeated challenging behaviour. The purpose of referring a learner to an orthogonal support agency is to support an individual student and to help them overcome their difficulties which are impacting on their education.For example if I had a student who was constantly troubled in class and had a record of aggressive behaviour I would refer them to the Pupil Referral Unit. They would help and encourage the learner to be involved in the learning process, but in a smaller environment where they be in a much smaller group (3-4 learners) and also receive matched support. Functional skills such as literacy, numeracy and ICT can be easily integrated into my lessons. These activities will meet both literacy and numeracy standards but are more easily understand by the learner.An example of this would be an assignment covering salon duties. I would ask the students to produce a sales ledger for stock to be re-ordered from our supplier. This would include maths as the student would have to calculate the cost of goods and also the total value of the order, it would include English as the student needs to produce the document and ICT as the student would have to present it in a typed format. The best way to establish gro und rules with my learners is to negotiate them. The rules should be appropriate and jolly and agreed as a whole class.As a teacher, I would establish ground rules during the first session, and plan a short activity close to this. The class could discuss what is expected of them and write the rules in small groups. I would also list a few ground rules and then negotiate them as a class. This gives all learners the opportunity to be included and involved and as they have decided on the rules they are also more likely to adore them. When establishing ground rules it is important to ensure they are clear and brief and start positively rather than with do not.Once the rules have been established I would ask the learners to write them on some flipchart paper and hang them up in the class so that they are visible to all. It is also important to strengthen the rules consistently and to phrase learners when rules have been adhered to. I feel this method would motivate learners and also model good behaviour. Some rules may not be able to be negotiated. For example when the students come into class they must be wearing their salon uniforms and hair must be tied back.As a teacher even though I have designed my lessons to meet everyones needs I still need to ensure that my learners are motivated and want to learn. Maslow (1970) argues that basic needs such a food, safety, love and belonging and self-esteem need to be met in order for them to achieve their goals and aspirations. Everyone is motivated through all Intrinsic (because they want to learn) or extrinsic motivators (because they have to i. e. better job prospects). A good teacher will play to the strengths of the learner when trying to develop enthusiasm in learningWilson 2004 page 188 Other theories of motivation that can be used to motivate learners include the goal orientated theory, based on desire to be rewarded for achievement. A learner is given a clear direction or task and when it is reached there is a reward. For example I would hang a group task for my learners to complete within the lesson. If they finish before the end of the lesson they are allowed an early break. If they dont complete the task at the by the end of the session they will have to complete as homework.Albert Bandura (1994) suggested that an individuals belief in themselves and their ability is related to what they can achieve. An example of how this can be applied into the classroom is to encourage my learner to try, and re-explain the topic if they are unsure. Through coaching and reassurance I will enable that learner to achieve. Giving effective feedback will help to improve the confidence of learners and develop their potential. Feedback should be delivered promptly and be a two way process. I would ask the learner how they think they did and get an idea if their understanding of the topic.Even if I had negative feedback to give to my learner I would end with a positive argument to incite the learner to take my comments on board and leave them feeling more positive about their performance. To conclude I suggest that inclusive teaching can only take place if both equality and diversity are positively promoted. Inclusive teaching relies on a range of distinction strategies which may include adapted resources or additional classroom support. Depending on individual learner needs, learners may need to be referred to internal or external places of referral for extra support. .

Compare and contrast ‘To His Coy Mistress’ and ‘The Passionate Shepherd to His Love’

Both of these numberss explore the theme of turn in between a existence and a adult female. The desired outcome is the same, but the poets attempt to seduce their be intimaters in different tracks. Andrew Marvell wrote To his coy mistress a cleverly written poem based on the phrase carpe diem or seize the day. It was an attempt to make a woman quietness with him. Christopher Marlowe wrote the poem The passionate sheepherder to His Love. This is a amorous poem about a man never wanting to be apart from him love and always wanting her to have the best.He pleads for the womans love by offering his eternal commitment and a beautiful life. He repeats live with me and be my love throughout the poem to show he wants to be with her forever, he also says and I lead make the beds of roses which exaggerates the natural bag he is telling her she will have in the countryside, when she lives with him. The two poems use very different arguments to persuade the women to do similar things. The two arguments be close to being completely the opposer even though they be trying to achieve similar things.The period in which each poem was written has a very definite operate on the style, the persuasive language, imagery and vocabulary. The period in which the poem was written also affects the style of it. The Passionate Shepherd to His Love has a theme of love which includes the beauty of nature and presents this through idyllic imagery and offerings. In His Coy Mistress there are loving gestures and amatory rulings but Marvell rights in such a way that the reader must be suspicious of his sincerity, he makes us think this by putting across a strong sense or urgency. only at my back I always hear times winged chariot hurrying near this quote is saying that no matter what he does, in the back of his mind there I always a countdown until its to late for them to be together. He also paints a rather disturbing photograph of the worms taking the womans virginity that she is preserving then worms shall try that long preservd virginity. I would relate this to irony and bitter humour. Further much(prenominal), Marlowe sets his theme in a picturesque, fairytale setting, by making lots of romantic suggestions and showing the woman how much he loves her using exotic language.On the other hand Marvells poem does make wild and slightly romantic suggestions but, I would say that it is quite easy to think that he just wants to sleep with her, I get this thought from him repeating come live with me.. it seams to be more alike a bribe than expressing how much he loves her. At the begging of the poem he is more romantic My vegetable love should grow Vaster than empires, and more slow but as the poem goes on he turns more to the theme of her losing her virginity and time running out for this to happen.At this point I thought the poem was less of a romantic poem and more of a convincing one. From about half way into the poem he starts to talk as if they were on e and almost like he had made the decision for her. Let us roll all out strength, and all our sweetness, up into one hunk and though we can non make out sun stand pipe down, still we will make him run. I think that this is a very powerful tone, and the predilection The thesis in Marvells poem is that time will run out and it will be alike late for her to lose her virginity.He suggests resolving this, they should sleep together as soon as possible. And yonder all before us lie deserts of vast eternity, thy beauty shall no more be found this quote is saying that she will not be beautiful forever and he wants to sleep with her before she is unattractive. In Marlowes poem there isnt a thesis because even though he is urging her in the same way as in the other poem. He isnt expressing any problems to spoil the complete life he is portraying.I think the viewpoint from both of the poems is as if the poet is speaking the poem as appose to righting is as someone else vistaing in on wh at the men are saying to the women. The men generally use different techniques to persuade the women to sleep with them. However there are some similarities, like the fact that they both paint a very pretty picture in your mind. In Marlowes poem And we will sit upon the rocks, Seeing the shepherds feed their flocks, by shallow rivers to whose falls Melodious birds sing madrigals. And in Marvells Thou by the Indian Ganges side Shouldst rubies find.Obviously aside from the fact that he is stuck by the river humber. Flattery is a very persuasive form of language but it isnt used in The Passionate Shepherd to His Love. However flattery is used in To His Coy Mistress, thou by the Indian Ganges side shouldst rubies find I by the tide of Humber would complain the speaker said that he would be by the river Ganges in India with rubies and he would be by the side of the river Humber in Hull. This quote shows the he puts her above himself or so it was meant to seem to the woman.He uses take-o ff to persuade the woman to sleep with him. Like amrous birds of prey let us roll all our strength, and all our sweetness, up into one ball marble vault, shall sound my echoing song theses quotes are examples of his use of over exaggerating things. Marvels poem has a hyperbole near to the beginning of the text. My vegetable love should grow vaster than empires and more slow this is saying that if human life was infinite, it would not matter how long it took to seduce her. It exaggerates and is there to convince the woman he loves her.Furthermore the speaker suggests as a synthesis that she should sleep with him before its too late times winged chariot hurrying near and then worms shall try that long preservd virginity. He produces a very strong and convincing argument. In semblance Marlowes poem is a plea to his love for her to move to the countryside with him come live with me and be my love and the shepherds swains shall dance and sing. He idealises life in the country and makes it sound romantic and perfect I will make thee beds of roses and a thousand fragrant posies, a cap of flowers, and a kirtle embroidered all with leaves of myrtle.He ignores all the bad points and rightfully exaggerates the good and what he is going to do for her when she arrives, which is a perfect home with amazing views, a gown made of the finest wool made from the prettiest lambs and fair lined slippers for the cold, with buckles of th purest gold, a belt of straw and ivy buds, with coral clasps and amber studs. To His Coy Mistress uses much more figurative language in comparison to The Passionate Shepherd to His Love which doesnt any similes or metaphors. To His Coy Mistress similes sits on skin like morning dew paints a very pretty picture in ones mind. Like amrous birds of prey this creates the effect that the man is very desperate in persuading her and it is also a very strong thing to say, much like his movites. We cannot make out sun stand still, yet we will make him ru n here the speaker is saying that he cant stop time from passing, but life is short, pleasure should be enjoyed while there is still time. he also implies a warning to prepare for death.In conclusion I think that the most persuasive poem is The Passionate Shepherd to his Love because he makes the woman feel special and he doesnt mention her losing her virginity or the idea that time is running out. Instead he implies that time is no object when you are in love with someone as beautiful as her. These poems have had a very defiant effect on me, this being that I started to look into the attitudes to love now and I thought about how and why they have changed over time. Also it immediately made me put myself in the receiving end of the poem and thought about how I would react to them individually.

Psychology Articles Essay

1. Glazer, H. R., Clark, M. D., & Stein, D. S. (2004). The Impact of Hippotherapy on Grieving Children. Journal of Hospice and Palliative Nursing 6(3), 171-175.This denomination is a study on the effects of hippotherapy or therapeutic riding on grieve barbarianren affected by the expiry of a family member. The topic focuses on the grieving of children specifically because of the observation that their bereavement often coincides with issues relating to their natural growth and development. Thus, sometimes it is difficult to ascertain whether a childs reaction should be in good order classified as growth or grief (Glazer, Clark & Stein, 2004).In order to add substantial information on the literary productions on childrens bereavement, the authors conducted a study that would determine how a 6-week hippotherapy schedule would work on grieving children. They sought to determine how stakeholders, much(prenominal) as the parents, children, and adult volunteer would perceive the prog ram (Glazer, Clark & Stein, 2004).The study involved a 6-week program where selected children with ages 4 to 14 stayed at the Buckeye Ranch for sessions that taught them how to ride horses. Each session ended with the children telling the things they larn for that session. The parents and adult volunteers were also asked to reflect on their perception of the therapeutic riding session.The authors found positive results from the study, consisting of increased confidence, self-esteem, and trust among the children. The children also gained communication skills as a result of the study. Finally, both guardians and parents found the riding therapy as a positive experience. Thus, they concluded that riding therapy is a good way for finding expression of grief.2. Andrews, C. R. & Marotta, S. A. (2005). church property and head Among Grieving Children A Preliminary Study. Counseling and Values 50, 38-50.This article describes grief as a natural part of human experience. The authors of th is paper, however, note that literary productions on grieving mostly focus on adults coping mechanisms. Particularly, literature on adult bereavement focuses on religious practices and spiritual touchs as efficacious coping mechanisms. Therefore, the authors aimed to extrapolate from such literature and attempt to apply major themes among grieving children (Andrews & Marotta, 2005).The authors completed a sample size of 6 children mingled with the ages of 4 and 9, coming from various institutions. All participants experienced death within the family in the past 18 months before the period of the study. Parents consent was secured from apiece participant. During the 3-month study period, children, parents, and main caregivers were given semistructured interviews. Such interviews led to qualitative data. There were also check-in sessions conducted every month. The study utilized a phenomenological approach so that specific medical prognosis so f bereavement could surface (Andre ws & Marotta, 2005).The authors found that childrens grief are not necessarily similar to that of adults. Children grieve repeatedly as they go from one developmental stage to the next. Certain objects or mechanisms were also found to have been effective in dealing with the grief of children, such as puppets, games, bibliotherapy, and drawings. They also note that certain spiritual aspects like linking objects and connection through metaphorical play may play a huge role in comfort grieving children (Andrews & Marotta, 2005).3. Abeles, N., Victor, T. L. & Delano-Wood, L. (2004). The Impact of an Older Adults Death on the Family. Professional Psychology Research and Practice 35(3), 234-239.This article reviews extant literature on issues of death and dying. Specifically, it is interested with the impact on the death of an older member of a family to surviving members, particularly on surviving adult children. It also aims to realise implications for manipulation based on the stud y (Abeles, Victor & Delano-Wood, 2004).The methodology involved a simple review of literature, both on theoretical and empirical levels, on the topic of death and bereavement. Based on such literature review, the authors suggested individual or play therapy, psychoeducation, and different interventions as treatment options for grief. The authors likewise concluded that each individual may sleep together with loss or death of a family members in different ways. Some may not undergo the usual stages of grief. Thus, savvy of various coping mechanisms could also help surviving family members in dealing with grief (Abeles, Victor & Delano-Wood, 2004).4. Ens, C. & Bond, J. B. (2007). Death Anxiety in Adolescents The Contributions of Bereavement and Religiosity. Baywood Publishing Co., Inc., 169-184.This article aims to determine possible relationships between religiosity, bereavement, and death anxiety levels of adolescents. This is done to achieve greater understanding of adolescents, who face difficult challenges during bereavement (Ens & Bond, 2007).The authors conducted a study with 226 adolescents as participants. These participants have ages ranging from 11 to 18 and come from rural and urban private schools. Both the parents and student participants gave written consent before participating in the study. The authors hypothesize one questionnaire that consisted of several(prenominal) scales that measure bereavement, religiosity, and death anxiety. This questionnaire was administered to participants and the data was canvas (Ens & Bond, 2007).The data showed a strong correlation between death and grief due to death in the family. Consequently, the authors concluded, grief due to bereavement was the only factor found to independently contribute death anxiety for adolescents. Finally, the authors found weak relationship between death anxiety and personal religiosity (Ens & Bond, 2007).5. Papadatou, D., Metallinou, O., Hatzichristou, C. & Pavlidi, L. (2002). Su pporting the bereaved child teachers perceptions and experiences in Greece. Mortality 7(3), 324-339.This article reports a national refresh conducted by the authors, aimed at determining how Greek teachers perceived bereaved children. More specifically, this study aimed to analyze experiences of children who grieved the death of a relative and a classmate. These aims result from the belief that grief is affected by the level of support received by bereaved children (Papadatou, Metallinou, Hatzichristou & Pavlidi, 2002).The authors selected participating population by applying a specific criterion on a list of Greek schools provided by the Ministry of Education, National Statistical Service. The authors handed out 3,500 questionnaires among Greek educators, and data was gathered from the repartees (Papadatou, Metallinou, Hatzichristou & Pavlidi, 2002).The national survey resulted in several important findings. For one, it appears that Greek educators feel that the experience of dea th in the family or classmate negatively affect the performance of a bereaved child in school. Moreover, educators who had more years in experience as teachers had more opportunity to observe grieving children and the effect of bereavement on them. Finally, most educators appeared comfortable talk to bereaved students and cooperate with their family to help them cope with their loss (Papadatou, Metallinou, Hatzichristou & Pavlidi, 2002).6. Charkow, W. B. Inviting Children to Grieve. Professional School Counseling.This article discusses the importance of grieving for children who have experienced death in the family. It reviews literature and shows how society and families often shield children from the fact of death. This paper aims to establish the importance of grieving for children by showing how shielding children affects them (Charkow).The article basically reviews literature on death and the responses to its experience. These factors affect how the loss of a person through de ath could be traumatic to a child. For example, the relationship of the child with the deceased is a applicable factor to consider.Through the study of extant literature on bereavement, the author laid down several implications for stakeholders, such as parents, teachers, and counselors. The author concludes that being up front with children about the realities of death would lead them to cope properly through understanding and grieving appropriately.7. Cohen, J., Goodman, R. F., Brown, E. J. & Mannarino, A. (2004). Treatment of childhood Traumatic Grief Contributing to a Newly Emerging Condition in the Wake of Community Trauma. Treatment of childhood Traumatic Grief afterward 9/11, 213-216.This article is a response to the events of the 9/11 attack in New York City, which resulted in the death of many parents. The authors report that more than 10,000 children lost parents and loved ones on that fateful day. Hence, the authors concern about childhood traumatic grief (Cohen, Good man, Brown & Mannarino, 2004).This article basically reviews extant literature on childhood traumatic grief, particularly those relating to treatment interventions and cathartic approaches to childhood traumatic grief (Cohen, Goodman, Brown & Mannarino, 2004).After reviewing literature on interventions to childhood traumatic grief, such as client-centered therapy, the authors discussed various factors that affect the assessment and treatment of the condition. Finally, the authors provided suggestions for future directions, particularly since the literature on childhood traumatic grief is still in its infancy (Cohen, Goodman, Brown & Mannarino, 2004).8. Crenshaw, D. A. (2005). Clinical Tools to Facilitate Treatment of Childhood Traumatic Grief. OMEGA 51(3), 239-255.This article aims to describe strategies and techniques that address childhood traumatic grief in order to how clinicians how to address youth experiencing such condition. These strategies use themes such as abandonment an d attachment (Crenshaw, 2005).This articles methodology consisted mainly in reviewing and describing various techniques and strategies used in dealing with grieving children. The authors then analyzed how such techniques helped children with their bereavement (Crenshaw, 2005).The strategies described in this article illustrate how themes such as facing unknown dangers and leaving behind loved ones and family help children cope with loss and address unresolved issues (Crenshaw, 2005).ReferencesAbeles, N., Victor, T. L. & Delano-Wood, L. (2004). The Impact of an Older Adults Death on the Family. Professional Psychology Research and Practice 35(3), 234-239.Andrews, C. R. & Marotta, S. A. (2005). Spirituality and Coping Among Grieving Children A Preliminary Study. Counseling and Values 50, 38-50.Charkow, W. B. Inviting Children to Grieve. Professional School Counseling.Crenshaw, D. A. (2005). Clinical Tools to Facilitate Treatment of Childhood Traumatic Grief. OMEGA 51(3), 239-255.Cohen , J., Goodman, R. F., Brown, E. J. & Mannarino, A. (2004). Treatment of Childhood Traumatic Grief Contributing to a Newly Emerging Condition in the Wake of Community Trauma. Treatment of Childhood Traumatic Grief After 9/11, 213-216.Ens, C. & Bond, J. B. (2007). Death Anxiety in Adolescents The Contributions of Bereavement and Religiosity. Baywood Publishing Co., Inc., 169-184.Glazer, H. R., Clark, M. D., & Stein, D. S. (2004). The Impact of Hippotherapy on Grieving Children. Journal of Hospice and Palliative Nursing 6(3), 171-175.Papadatou, D., Metallinou, O., Hatzichristou, C. & Pavlidi, L. (2002). Supporting the bereaved child trachers perceptions and experiences in Greece. Mortality 7(3), 324-339.

Online Library Management System Essay

1. IntroductionDetailed rule starts after the frame phase and system has been show through the re absorb. The goal of this phase is to develop internal system of logic of each of the modules identified during system design In the system design, the focus is an identifying the modules, whereas during the detailed design the focus is on innovation the logic for the modules. In other words in system design attention is on what components ar needed, while in the detailed design how the component can be implemented in the softwargon is the leave.The design process for software system has two events. At the prime(prenominal) level focus is on deciding which modules are needed for the system, the condition of these modules and how the modules should be interconnected. This is called system design or top level design. In the specification of the module can be satisfied is decided. This design level is often called detailed design or logic design, because the detailed design is exten sion of system design, system design controls the major structural characteristics of the system. The system design has a major impact testability and modifiability of a system and impacts its efficiency much of the design efforts for the designing software are spent creating the system design.2. Applicable documentsThe detailed design refers the system documents hence the first application documents here is system design, also we are referring the data structure. Hence second application document here is database design3. Structure of software packageThe software package consists of following functional components.* useable component 1 Registration.* Functional component 2 Book issue.* Functional component 3 Book return.* Functional component 4 Search/view disk di slowly.* Functional component 5 Update book details.* Functional component 6 Payment (Fine).3.1 Structure chartsIt is graphics representation of the control logic of processing function or module representation of the system. It is one of the most common methods used for system design. In a structure charts each course of instruction module is represented by a rectangle box, modules at the top level of the structure charts call the modules at the lower level. The connection between modular are represented by lines between the rectangular boxes. The connection describes the data flows between the called and calling modules.4. Module Decomposition4.1 Student detailsIn this form the users imbibe to enter the details about the student like name, regno, courseetc. If the proper details are not entered at the same time flaw message pull up stakes be displayed and record will not be storedAnd if the entered register number is already exist then the details cant be stored and error message will be displayed.4.2 Delete student detailsIn this case admin can delete individual student details by entering his register number .If the Register no is not entered at same time message will be displayed and rec ord will not be storedAnd if the entered number is already deleted then it will be giving the message.4.3 Book issueIn this form the Liberian can issue the books to the student. If the books are already distributed to students then Liberian cant issue those particular books.4.4 Book returnHere the user must return the book on given date Otherwise fine will be calculated4.5 Calculate fineIn this case we can maintain the late fine of library member who return the issued book after the due date

Deforestation in Amazonia

The Amazon rainfo balance wheel is the worlds largest rainforest situated in Brail of conspiracy America and consequently suffers the most disforestation in the world. Deforestation is the cause for the destruction of the Amazon and rapidly becoming the most reliable method for accession to resources much(prenominal)(prenominal) as wood. The countries of Amazonia be vile, less developed countries that rely on the resources of the Amazon rainforest to become richer, to a greater extent developed countries. However, some people depend that they derriereister only do this by destroying the rainforest forever.The shoetrees of the rainforest can be sold for wood (timber). This timber is in great demand in economically developed countries like Britain, Japan and USA. Accordingly, as it is in great demand, there are umteen advantages as well as disadvantages of the deforestation of the trees in the Amazon. There are legion(predicate) people that stand an interest in the rainfore st such(prenominal) as the large companies in the developed countries who cloud the bare-assed(a) materials such as the wood from the rainforest.The care of trade of the materials would most likely rectify the developing countries like Peru and Brazil as the government would profit extremely and could use the money to build roads or provide the materials for buildings and schools or hospitals as a way to improve the region. As the company will be a transnational company, there will be many, many jobs created in both the developing and developed countries involved in the business thus improve the standard of living for many people in both types of countries. Nevertheless, the destruction of the rainforest will be vast and this use of the rainforest will non protect the forest.Other types of people that might be interested in the rainforest are the owner and workers of a power saw mill. The owner would ready from his business and would to a fault outrank many local peopl e in employment. This would improve the local peoples standard of living however, the mill would not help the entire country to become much developed. Similarly, this use of the rainforest will not help protect the rainforest however, the destruction of it would not be on such a large scale as the large companies use of the forest. Landless farmers would be under the impression that they would in addition usefulness from the deforestation of the forest land.One of the governments plans to improve the country is to give landless farmers a way of living by encouraging them to set up small farms on land which has been deforested. The landless farmers engage the land as the government provides it for the cheaply. However, as a result of deforestation, the land has become useless as the soil is infertile and vulnerable to erosion out-of-pocket to the equatorial climate. This means that Brazil would not become more developed because the landless farmers will not start out the land suitable for assumeing crops and then their standard of living will remain poor, adding to the poverty of the developing country.Subsequently, Brazil is left with the destruction of deforestation and useless soil that cannot be recovered in addition to the problem of ill-treatd scenery, all of which does not protect the Amazon rainforest. One point to be considered is that the jobs created will economically develop the country because value will be introduced and the government could turn a profit from the tax money to improve the country by building schools and hospitals etc. so in one way, the poor countries would become more developed.If the land that has been deforested due to timber being in great demand economically is turned into cattle ranches and plantations, local people would benefit from this as many jobs will be created. Workers will improve their standard of living from this as plantations will allow vital crops such as sugar, java and rubber plants to be grown . These raw materials can be sold to economically developed countries, however, growing these crops will be a slow process and the workers would not benefit straight away.On the early(a) hand, the local tribes like the Kayapo would be once morest the deforestation of the rainforest completely as their way of living and cultural traditions are destroyed because they are forced off the land to make way for new developments resulting in loss of homes and therefore poor standards of living ensuing again in the poverty of the country. Natural conservationists and tourists would be against this use of the rainforest because rare animal species would become extinct, as well as rare plant and tree species being destroyed. For this use of the rainforest to be sustainable, far less trees would convey to be destroyed.Statistically, approximately one in twenty trees is of economic value, while the rest are destroyed for no reason, leading to the extinction of rare species of plants and trees, which the cancel conservationists would be against. To maintain sustainability of the rainforest by employ it for the timber, large companies who buy the raw materials could only cut down the trees of economic value alternatively than destroying others. Also, removing the deforested trees results in other plant life to be destroyed as roads have to be built and vehicles have to be brought into the rainforest to remove the trees.Residents of the forest are aware of the circumstances and have found others ways to remove the trees without destroying others. Buffaloes have been utilize to drag the trees out, without the need to build roads. However, using buffaloes to remove the trees would be slow development for the government so a few roads could be built. Another use of the rainforest is for valuable minerals. Under the forest lie huge amounts of valuable minerals like iron ore, bauxite and gold, some of which are vital to mundane life. These valuable minerals are sold to econo mically developed countries.The developing country would profit from the sale of the minerals to more economically developed countries for the reason that the demand for the minerals is juicy from developed countries as they are so vital. Not surprisingly, deforestation is the method used to access these minerals, causing masses of destruction. Nevertheless, large companies in the developed countries who buy the raw materials from the rainforest will still favour the use of the rainforest to extract valuable minerals. Besides destroying the land under which the minerals lie, room has to be do for the power stations needed.Extracting valuable minerals such as bauxite which is aluminium need hydro-electric power from these power stations. One advantage of this use of the rainforest is that electricity can be provided for the local people as well as for the extraction of minerals. This therefore helps part of the country to become more developed as many homes would have the prefator y amenities that a home in the developed country would have. Another advantage of this use of the rainforest is that again, many jobs will be created for the local people to work at the sites.Jobs will be created in roam to build the power stations, to build roads so that access to the rainforest is easy as well as for the removal of the trees. Jobs will imply a better standard of living for the people of the country. However, there are many disadvantages of the use of the rainforest in this method. The deforestation process leaves the soil useless as it becomes infertile and insecure. This is because the roots of the trees once held the soil together, to veto it from collapsing, and a pile of the nutrients in the soil were too provided by the trees.In this way landless farmers are once again left not benefiting from this use of the rainforest. Deforestation also adds to the problem of the destruction of the scenery which inherent conservationists and tourists of the rainforest would be against, and also because of the extinction of a variety of different species of animals and plants. The deforested land could then be used for cattle ranches which a few local people would profit from because jobs would be created on the ranches. There would also be one problem that the workers would face on the cattle ranch.As the land has been deforested it will be unlikely that grass will grow which is vital to the cattle for grazing. Therefore the cattle would not be as healthy and the food produce from the cattle would not be as appealing to the richer countries. . However, this problem is only small scale and the grass would grow back eventually. For that reason, workers on cattle ranches would be in favour of this use of the rainforest. On the other hand, workers on plantation farms would find it difficult to grow thorough crops such as sugar, rubber, and coffee plants as the soil would be infertile.Similarly, the local tribes of Amerindians would be against this use of the rainforest as they do not benefit from deforestation because of their traditional, cultural and social way of living from the trees in medical ways as well as having animals to hunt for food. To maintain sustainability in the rainforest using this method of extracting minerals from the rainforest extraction of the minerals could take place in parts of the rainforests which have already been deforested as a result of timber trade rather than deforesting new areas of the rainforest.Another way is that when the soil is dug up after the extraction, people could find a way to return the nutrients back into the soil for framework by using artificial fertilisers. However, this proves to be tremendously costly for the government as millions of acres of land would need to be covered and this would not benefit the country if the money was used on the fertilizers rather than developing it into a richer country. One other use of the rainforest is for tourism. The rainforest can be unbroken as it is and used as a tourist attraction.Visitors from the richer, developed countries would visit to see the great variety of plants and animals. As opposed to the other uses of the rainforest, this use of the rainforest will not be favourable to many of the different types of people interested in the forest. As the tourists would like to see the forest in its natural habitat, they would be against the idea of abusing the rainforests nature by taking advantage of the land it covers and the crucial resources it provides.However, some deforestation would need to take place in order for the tourists to see the rainforest. Roads would have to be built to provide access to the forest. Lodges would have to be built for the tourists to stay in, which will have to include the basic amenities such as electricity and hot water. In order for these to be provided water and electricity systems will need to be accessible in the rainforest which could cause some deforestation.Local peop le would benefit to some extent from tourism because they could sell food products such as fruits and meat etc. from the forest to the tourists or provide the tourists with places to stay and this could improve their standard of living slightly. However as the scale of tourism in a natural place such as the rainforest is extremely diminutive, it is highly likely that the local people would not benefit as much from the use of tourism in the rainforest as using the rainforest to extract valuable materials or for selling timber.Many people such as the owner and workers of a saw mill, landless farmers, and owners of cattle ranches alongside the large companies in the developed who would want to buy the raw materials from the forest would be against this idea of conserving the forest for its natural purposes because they would not profit from this whatsoever. The rainforest land would have to be kept undisturbed. This use of the rainforest will not help the developing country to become m ore developed as tourism of the rainforest is of such a small scale that the whole country will not benefit from it.On the other hand, tourism of the rainforest does help protect the Amazon since people want to tour it in its natural condition. The idea of ecotourism introduces sustainability of the rainforest, however to maintain this sustainability of the rainforest, tourism would have to be limited. If the tourist labor were to grow in the rainforest, much more land would need to be deforested to make way for developments such as hotels, roads, shops etc. as this would attract more visitors from richer countries.This would also bring out the multiplier effect which is when an economic activity creates extra employment, expanding more economic development. This is also a method that could help to improve developing countries. In my opinion, for the development of the rainforest to be sustainable in order to allow many uses of the rainforest to gain access to the resources of the rainforest without destroying it forever, all of the above uses should be limited to a certain amount.Total neglection of the devastation done to the rainforest is not the solution. There is also the problem of the change in the climate caused by deforestation, for whatever reason, whether it is to extract minerals or to sell timber, to be considered when dealing with the issues of deforestation. However as timber is such a vital resource for everyday life virtually everywhere in the world, deforestation cannot come to an end immediately because of the timber being such a reliable source.My opinion suggests that limitations should be introduced so that deforestation can be easily managed, for example, restrictions should be made on how much land can be deforested each year and which areas of the rainforest deforestation can occur. If the area contains many rare species of trees and animals then deforestation here should not be allowed, to prevent the species from becoming extinct. T o make this idea even more sustainable, the government should consider replanting in the areas deforested after making sure not too much damage was caused to the soil.As well as timber being an essential resource taken from the rainforest, minerals also have a particularly great impact on our everyday lives as these minerals are turned into valuable substances such as aluminium and priceless gold for jewellery. Again, destruction of the rainforest cannot be completely halt in this situation because of the essentiality of the minerals, nevertheless, it can be limited. Areas can be restricted from mining sites to decrease destruction. Many people could argue here that more land would be needed if all the minerals in that area have been extracted.Interestingly, the solution to this has already been introduced and encouraged by many recycling. Most of the materials can be recycled such as aluminium from the bauxite extracted as well as the iron and this environmentally friendly method could cause less destruction of the rainforest. My idea also suggests that although ecotourism is the most eco-friendly and causes the least destruction, this should also be controlled. To maintain sustainability of the rainforest without entirely abandoning ecotourism, restrictions should be made on exactly how much development of the tourist industry should be allowed in the rainforest.Although the country will become further developed with many jobs created and tourists from developed countries staying in hotels many shops set up profiting from tourism etc, problems such as the destruction of the rainforest will arise from this. More land will be required for this sort of development and this will cause more devastation of the rainforest, making it unsustainable. Therefore restrictions would preserve the sustainability of the uses of the rainforest without causing future harm to the rainforest itself.Fencing off areas that have restrictions from extracting minerals and slashing t rees for timber is another(prenominal) way to make sure that ecotourism will be persistent in the rainforest as they fenced off areas will be preserved for the tourists, plus natural conservationists will be satisfied as well. In conclusion, my proposition is better than others as my solution maintains the development of many of the uses of the Amazon rainforest without causing too much destruction because I have made limitations to each use of the rainforest to maintain the sustainability of the rainforests natural environment.

Managing in a Global Economy Essay

Hollister Co. is an Ameri pile lifestyle brand by Abercrombie & foulmart Co. The company was launched by July, 2000. It is headquarter at New Albany, Ohio. Till 2012, Hollister already has 571 stores in the universe vermiform process 1. Like its p atomic number 18nt company, Hollister sells insouciant appargonl which accept knit layers, tanks , graphic tees, polo shirt, plaid, classic, sweaters, hoodies, bug outwear, jeans, pants & shorts, skirts, dresses, sweatpants, and yoga and the accessories which include totes, belts, socks, and fragrance. The concept was origin fol unkepter designed to withdraw consumers aged 1418, at a utterer price than the p arnt brand through its California-style inspired image and casual wear.Goods be visible(prenominal) in-store and through the companys on key out store. It was ranked as the second nigh same(p) clothing brand of US teens on a long list of actual West shore companies in 2008 by Piper Jaffray. (Hollister official website, 201 2) accord to Abercrombie & Fitchs latest 10-k form, Hollisters engagement bargains in 2011 and 2010 ar $2,022,002,000 and $1,552,814,000, sepa placely. There is 30% increase of net sales from 2010 to 2011. Based on the data, we abide figure out that Hollisters net sales argon al approximately two multiplication to its parent company.Foreign Markets Expanding MotivationThe motivations for Hollister to flip ones wig in immaterial merchandises go forth be defined as two categories. First of only, Abercrombie & Fitch wants to get rid of its lower sales in U.S market and fetch profit from outside expansion. Abercrombie began to launch its expansion programme outside the USA since 2007, dictated at least(prenominal) in part by a weakening of its domestic market. For the quarter ended July 28, Abercrombie reported a profit was dropped by nearly 52%. tally to media reports, to a greater extent than 135 of its Ameri green goddess stores go for been unlikable since 2010 and thither bequeath be 180 closures in the following year. However, guard up on Abercrombie & Fitchs 10-k form, the net sales of inter matter stores are increased steadily. The company on that pointfore has spunky hopes for the European and Asiatic markets, where its expansion is being pushed forward. (WSJ, 2012) Hollister, as wiz of its subsidiaries, plays a crucial enjoyment in the expansion plan beca mathematical function it has earnest carrying out with mellow net sales and large numbers of shop.Another reason for Abercrombie & Fitch is Asia apparel market is keep mystifying. Asias style and apparel market will continue to grow at a healthy clip through 2011-2015. The reason why we focus on Asia domain of a function is because as forecast remainder year, clothing supplicate in Asia is higher than the demand in westerly Europe and North America in 2011 Appendix 2. Many economists predict that demand will be driven by rising suffer(prenominal) disposable income directs and an increased focus on fashion apparel, especi e very last(predicate)y in the main cities. Said by Carrie Yu. As we known, umpteen unusual apparel brands are already surrender in Asia, and they will spread steadily. Here we incur a figure to show the market demand growth in different Asia countries Appendix 3. subsequently analysis the data and GDP per person at purchasing- origin para Appendix 4, we choose tether countries-japan, capital of capital of capital of capital of capital of capital of capital of capital of capital of capital of capital of capital of capital of capital of capital of capital of capital of capital of capital of Singapore and Hong Kong-that are right-hand(a) for Hollister to expand in.Three Study Countries Singapore, japan and Hong Kong lacquerOur scratch choice is Japan. Here we have two reasons to support our idea. First of all, it goes without saying that Japan is sensation of the most potential countries in Asia. For years, Japan ha s been Asias richest and most powerful thriftiness. It was the first Asian scotch governance to industrialize, and the emerging Asian tigersHong Kong, Singapore, South Korea. There are three advantages for Japan to become a enjoyable expansion realm. Firstly, the economy of Japan is the third largest bailiwick economy in the humankind after the coupled States and the Peoples Republic of china and is the worlds second largest developed economy (Oced library, 2010).According to the external M hotshottary Fund, the landed estates per capita GDP was at $34,739 or the 25th highest in 2011. Besides, consort to Wipo resources, Japan is the worlds 3rd largest automobile manufacturing country, has the largest electronics goods diligence, and is often ranked among the worlds most innovative countries leading several measures of global patent filings. Summing up all these data, we shtup figure out that Japan is a growing market.StrengthThe strength for Japan is it got the high pur chasing power. According to Appendix 5, the GNI of Japan is 45180 US dollar in 2011, while GNI of US is 48450. However, it doesnt inculpate that the purchasing power of Nipponese is lower than America citizen. The consumer spending is enormously high in Japan. Spending is an important usance of consumers. Consumer spending plays a signifi give the bouncetly stinting factor since it usually coincides with the overall consumer confidence in a nations economy. High consumer confidence indicators usually relate to higher levels of consumer spending in the economic market.Consumer confidence provides organisations and pipelinees with an analysis on consumer perception. (EconomicsHelp, 2011) From CIA factbook, we can figure out that Japanese is the third country which got higher purchasing power parity toward to Asia area, besides China and India. Moreover, The Japanese are very loyal to unconnected p expectigious fashion brands such as Louis Vuitton and Gucci. The sales of these co mpanies have been growing steadily with support from materialization consumers. As a subsidiary of Abercrombie &Fitch, Hollister must play a leading role in fashion trends if we focus on marketing packaging.WeaknessThe main weakness for Japan divided by two parts. Obviously, the first weakness is the unpredicted geography phenomenon. eitherbody knows that Japanese business have got a tough condemnation by tsunami and earthquake in recently years. These two disasters are having large negative economic cause on Japan since it is a major role in global supply chain and as a producer of final produces. Based on this fact, we think Japan is not a good place to come in up facility in order to produce clothes. Second of all, According to Reuters (2011), Japans new government activeness faces a dilemma over how to keep its campaign promises while reining in huge debt, a fragile economy that could slip back into recession, and strains in ties with close security ally the United Stat es. Thusly, we think Japan will not be an appropriate country because it got unstable policy-making risk.OpportunityNo doubly that Japan is the core of fashion in Asia area. It is famous by its creativeness and design toward to the whole world. As a result, as an apparel company, Japanese market has potential luck to be entered. According to Japanese fashion market report (2011), here we have two advantages to rise that Japan is a country full of fashion. 1. Japan is a critical fashionable country because it holds some(prenominal) fashion events one-yearly. Thusly, Japanese consumers are sensitive to trend cycles in the world(prenominal) fashion market because there are so many brands enter into Japan market every year. 2. They are significantly influenced by Fashion Magazines. Although technology is developed these years, magazine is becalm playing an important role in Japanese teenagers life, like Mina, Rays, Vivi and etc. So if Hollister invest in Japan, focusing on magazi ne will be a good choice for this company when they doing marketing promotion.ThreatEverything has two sides. Since Japanese fashion market is full of opportunity, it is in like manner highly competitive. According to Imported Luxury Brands Market in Japan gravestone Research Findings 2011, imported luxury brands market in 2010 is estimated at 831.4 billion yen, 92.9 % of the size in prior year. This data mode that there are many companies already in the market. The number of competitors in Japan is huge. According to Appendix 6, 24% market is owned by US brands. After doing research, we known that Hollisters main competitors, Gap and American eagle outfitters, have already entered Japanese market. Whats more, even though they are owned by the uniform company, Abercrombie & Fitch, probably another biggest competitor, entered Japanese market since 2009. Appendix 7 In a conclusion, although Japan got higher purchasing power and fashion opportunity, it is still not an appropriate country to be entered because of the political risk and high competition.SingaporeSingapore is located in southeastern Asia at the grey tip of the Malay Peninsula the city-state of Singapore consists of a main is let pop out and some 60 islets. The country has a creation of 4,740,737 in which the capital and major cities occupy 3,654,103 people according to the data last year. Although the country seems not as large as many other countries, Singapores gross domestic product was $326.8 billion and its per capita GDP of 61,103.36 US dollars in 2011 estimates is comparable to that of leading Western European nations, and its high type of keep and steadfast trading links have secured its position as one of ASEANs leading (Global passage Warrior, 2012).Strengths1) Outstanding task system.When Japan cuts its incarnate tax arrange this Sunday, the U.S. will have worlds highest tax rate on business income. The following chart has shown the data. (Figure Source Isidore (2012), CNN Money)However, Singapores corporate income tax rate is low which in a immediately of 17% since 2010. It is often cited as the leading example of countries to slim corporate income tax rates and introduce various tax incentives to attract and keep global investments. Since January 1, 2003, Singapore has adopted a single-tier corporate income tax system, which means there is no double-taxation for s conceiveholders. Tax paid by a company on its chargeable income is the final tax and all dividends paid by a company to its shareholders are exempt from further taxation (Janus, 2012). Two of Singapores unique advantages are its low effective personal and corporate tax rates. Personal income tax has a tier system that starts from just 0% and goes up to 20% for income above $320,000. Similarly, effective corporate tax rate for Singapore private limited companies for profits up to $300, 000 is 8.5% and capped at a flat rate of 17% for profits above $300, 000 (Janus, 2012).Whats more, there are no dividend or capital gains taxes in Singapore. 2) High purchasing power.The GDP per Capita, in Singapore, when adjusted by Purchasing spring Parity is equivalent to 278 part of the worlds modal(a). Consumer Spending in Singapore increased to 27,485.40 in may of 2012 from 27,467.20 in February of 2012. Historically, from 1975 until 2012, Singapore Consumer Spending averaged 12,752.67 reaching an all while high of 27,485.40 in May of 2012 and a videotape low of 3,553.90 in February of 1975 (Trading Economics, 2012). 3) Exchange rate & Labor cost.The USDSGD spot exchange rate depreciated 0.0194 or 1.56 percent during the last 30 days. According to Janus (2012), The Singapore dollar has been consistently appreciating against major currencies. It also got about $260 billion based on average exchange rates or $252 billion based on year-end currency rates last year.Historically, from 1980 until 2012, Singapore Labor Costs averaged 96.00 reaching an all time high of 129.93 in F ebruary of 2009 and a record low of 57.37 in May of 1980. These data are all lower than Hong Kong and Japans (Trading Economics, 2012). 4) Political stability.Singapore is rated No.1 as the most politically stable country in Asia (Janus, 2012). 5) English is main language.Singapore has a 10-year compulsory education program commencing at the age of 7 years. English is the first language and the medium of instruction in schools (Global Road Warrior, 2012). This means nigh cytosine percent of People in Singapore speak and netherstand English well, which would bring much easier intercourse for Hollister to enter into the country, especially to the communication within the solicitude level of Singaporean while doing business. 6) Quick and escaped registration.It only maintains about 1-2 days to incorporate a company in Singapore, with the government providing assistance along the way (Janus, 2012). As the easiest place to do business in the world, Singapore company registration is a quick and easy process, which involves just two procedures that can be completed online within 24 hours for a retail outlet. A Singapore subsidiary can be wholly owned by a foreign company and is considered a separate legal entity from the parent company. Also, a Singapore subsidiary is in the main treated as a topical anesthetic resident company and thereof is entitled to tax benefits available to local companies (Janus, 2012).Weakness1) If you want to set up a limited liability company (LLC), there are two conditions that are required it must have two agents acting on its behalf in the country and one of them must be a Singapore resident, a native Singaporean, or soul who has a Singapore employment pass. 2) Singapore is among the most expensive in the world, as the cost of living here is very high. 3) Hollister has to film Singapore resident and qualified Singapore auditors to do the business noticeings to incline with government.Opportunities1) Singapore is one of the w orlds famous shop paradises. Its central business district has a lot of upscale shopping square from the latest fashion clothes, jewelry, watches, perfume, cosmetics to the entertainments goods and casual necessities etc. Singapores retail sector has done well in 2010 and well into this year on the back of the tourism sectors robust performance and in spite of a slowing economy in recent months. According to the latest retail sales index released by the Singapore Department of Statistics, Singapores retail sales excluding automobiles increased 7.4% year-on-year in August 2011(Janus, 2012). Hollister, as the subsidiary brand under Abercrombie & Fitch, has very large opportunity to get benefits from opening retail stores in the country. 2) Singapore is also ranked the No. 1 in tourism so there is the potential to do business.ThreatsFashion is a highly competitive industry worldwide, but Asia stands out for its stylish and practical design. Although Hollister is also a very famous Ame rican brand under A&F, it still faces tough competition from Asiatic fashion. Since Singapore emerges as global fashion apparel hub with large amounts of upscale shopping squares, the opportunity to open shops in this fashionable country could also become a big threat.Hong KongHong Kong is a Chinese special administrative region situated in eastern Asia, with a 455-mile coastline on the South China Sea and a 19-mile border with China. Hong Kongs population is 95 percent Chinese, with the majority coming from neighboring Guangdong province or within Hong Kong itself. The population was about 7,122,508 in 2011. Cantonese and English are the two official languages. Hong Kongs free-market economy was vulnerable to the global economic crisis of 2008, but its increasing integration with China helped it to quickly recover (Global Road Warrior, 2012). The GDP in Hong Kong was worth 243.67 billion US dollars in 2011, which rough equivalent to 0.39 percent of the world economy (Trading Econ omics, 2012).Strengths1) Well located.Hong Kong is located at the heart of Asia, alongside many of the regions most exciting business market such as Guangzhou, Taipei, Manila, and Bangkok etc. And it is the gateway to Mainland China. 2) exhaust avocation port.Easy government policies for foreign fashion brands. Hong Kong is known for its free port status and easy customs procedures. transaction is paid on very few products. 3) Tax-friendly economies.Hong Kongs profit tax is capped at 16.5 percent according to the 2011 study, and there are no capital gains and dividends taxes (InvestHK, 2012).Weakness1) Most of good locations have already occupied by large local fashion chains or early entering foreign fashion brands. 2) After the global monetary crisis in 2008, the economies of Hong Kong still need to recover. 3) Hong Kong has the lowest GDP in 2011 compared to Singapore and Japan.Opportunities1) There are large fashion-hungry population in the Hong Kong market, especially many people from Mainland China love to go shopping in Hong Kong. 2) Some foreign retailers are successful in the Hong Kong retail market. In addition, Abercrombie & Fitch was prepared entering into the country, which would in a sense lay a good foundation to its subsidiary, Hollister.Threats1) Competition with Many local fashion brands, such as GIORDANO, BALENO, Bossini, Esprit and so on. And what is worsening is that these local brands all offer very cheap prices. 2) Many other foreign fashion competitors Hong Kong shopping gists are creating space for Swedish brand Monki and U.S brands Gap, Forever 21 and American eagle. Others like H&M, Zara, Mango and Japanese brand Uniqlo have already established outlets in the city (Thondup and Tsang, n.d.). After reviewing the strength, weakness, opportunity, and weakness in the three countries, we chose to expand business into Singapore. We strongly recommend Hollister Co. to invest in Singapore where is a stable and strong economic, and a low risk country in political change.SingaporeMarketingSingapore is an island country. The land area is 714.3 Square kilometers. The population in 2011 is 5,260,000. The population density in 2011 is 7,257 per Square kilometers. Shenton Way is the tail largest financial center, the adjacent Keppel port is one of the worlds busiest ports. According to Singapores economic structure, the manufacturing sector accounted for 25%, the construction industry accounted for 5%, wholesale and retail trade accounted for 16%, acid and telecommunications accounted for 11%, the financial operate industry accounted for 12%, business services accounted for 12%, the hotel and catering industry accounts for 3%, the other accounts for 16%. Due to it is a minute country, shopping is considered a kind of sport in Singapore. The government draw up a lot of plans on developing their shopping market. For one thing, many shopping malls virtually per square mile are located in Singapore. Orchard Road, one of the famous shopping streets, is a 2.2 km long street and it is a retail and entertainment warmheartedness in Singapore. Orchard Road also contains a large number of high-end restaurants, coffee chain, nightclubs and hotels.There are many famous building and variety of retail store as well as there is large number of luxurious products with well-known brand. Theres practically a shopping sale of sorts all year round in Singapore, with the most notable one being the Great Singapore Sale. On the other hand, its a year-round shopping paradise. You only need to topic a walk down Singapores iconic shopping districts to find out whats in store for you. The best time to visit is during its annual eight-week Great Singapore Sale, when all kinds of discounts and deals pop up island-wide from late May through July. Great Singapore Sale 2012 will be held for 8 weeks from Friday, 25 May 2012 to Sunday, 22 July 2012. The Great Singapore Sale 2012 has been timed to coincide with the peak travel seasons to alter visitors to enjoy the fantastic deals all some.During the Great Singapore Sale 2012, you can enjoy up to 70% discount for everything on sale, anywhere in Singapore. From posh shopping centres in Marina Bay and Orchard to small stores in the suburbs, you will find fabulous deals for clothes, gadgets, beauty treatments, spa, attractions, and even food (Great Singapore Sale, 2012) Furthermore, Singapore set large variety shopping malls to meet the different requirement of various conferences. The heathen shopping enclaves in Singapore include Little India and Chinatown both are tourist attractions in their own right, steeped in ethnic colors and flavors. (Singapore Shopping Madness, Yong Shu Hoong)For instance, Chinatown mainly offers authentic Chinese products including tea, herbs, medicines, foodstuffs, silks, cheongsams, handicrafts, household items and antiques. Finally, Singapore duty free shopping prices at all three terminals are competitive with most place s in Asia. The slippery greenback means rates are fluctuating constantly. Pick up a 50ml Dior jadore eau de toilette for around S$96 (US$76), Chanel Alure EDP 50ml at S$112 (US$89). (Singapore Shopping Madness, Yong Shu Hoong) charitable Resource forethought charitable Resources Management PracticeDue to the explosive growth of the Asian economies over the past two decades, substantial attention has been focused on the human resource management (HRM) practices of Asian businesses. Cultural diverseness of manpower in modern business organizations against the backdrop of globalization has attracted the attention of many researchers and analysts. By the 21st century, Singapore has developed into advanced and high-income economies, specializing in areas of competitive advantage. As one of the four little dragons in Asia, Singapore can be an interesting subject to study and it is also important for MNCs to visualise Singapores advantages and disadvantages of its human resources man agement practice. Hollister Co. is an American lifestyle brand by A&F Corporation.The concept was at a lower price point than the parent brand through its SoCal-inspired image and casual wear. Hollister Co. could take some advantages of Singapores human resources management practice to expand its business in Singapore. According to a demographic survey, as of 2011, the population of Singapore is 5.18 million people, of whom 3.25 million (63%) are citizens while the rest (37%) are permanent residents or foreign formers. The government is considering capping these workers, although it is recognized that they are crucial to the countrys economy, as foreign workers make up 80% of the construction industry and up to 50% in the service industry. (Building and Construction Authority, April 2011) Singapore is a multicultural country with a majority population of Chinese (74 percent), with substantial Malay (13 percent) and Indian minorities (9.2 percent). The country has four official lang uages consisting of Mandarin, Malay, Tamil and English.English is the main working(a) language and is the mandatory first language in all schools in Singapore. Most Singapores Chinese derived from southern China, especially in Fujian, Guangdong and Hainan, of which 40 percent is Fujian, the followed is Chaoshan, Cantonese, Hakka, Hainan and Fuzhou. To developing human resource management practice for Hollister Co., we should understand Singapores basic Human Resource Management (HRM). Hollister Co. is categorized as a service business while Singapore is a country which custodys are highly cerebrate to services sectors. In addition, considering the features of Singapores location, demography and other fields, its human resources is consisted of Western and Asian features. We will focus on Singapores HRM style and features of work forces to develop the human resources management practice for Hollister.Human Resources Management StyleLeadership and the Workforce in Singapore is a su rvey that pronounced by the Singapore Human Resources Institute. Data were obtained from 192 respondents who were engaged in a wide variety of Singaporean industries. A come up of 68 per cent of the respondents are HRM practitioners. Many of the respondents are supervisors reporting to senior management such as CEOs and managing directors. (Chart 1) completely the data shows that globalization has had its impact on Singapore in a much more pronounced way. Singapore has been reputed for very advanced HRM practices both at the national and the international levels. In addition, Singapore has been especially known for its international HRM practices in a small city state. On the other hand, Singapore didnt focus on manufacturing it is a city state with a greater focus on financial services and other services instead, such as banking and insurance.Moreover, Singapore has a similar diversity culture of shopping centers manned by equally culturally diverse workforce. (Malikanrs, 2010) Singaporean enhances on performance record and job experiences, appropriate training and seniority when considering promoting its employees. Singapore has no set patterns of recruitment for either the entry level or place level positions due to affecting by the Western model. However, Hofstede (1984) found that the national culture of Singapore is high in power outmatch. In high power surmount cultures, superiors and subordinates treat each other as unequal. Singapore is also called a nanny state in which people are supposed to do exactly what they are told. The mixed unique feature of national culture therefore makes Singapores HRM practices more complicated.Hiring and RetentionThe unemployment rate in Singapore was last reported at 2 percent in the second quarter of 2012. Historically, from 1992 until 2012, Singapore Unemployment Rate averaged 2.4 portion reaching an all time high of 4.8 Percent in September of 2003 and a record low of 1.3 Percent in September of 1997. The em ployment rate for older residents made good progress. A record 61.2% of residents aged 55 to 64 were working in 2011, up from 59.0% a year ago. The employment rate for both males (from 75.0% to 76.4%) and females (from 43.4% to 46.3%) in this age group rose to new highs in 2011. Singapores workforce is inherently diverse due to their multi-racial community. Employees from different generations, gender, nationalities and cultures often work together in the same organization. It is therefore important for organizations to put in place policies and practices to build an inclusive and harmonious workplace. A diverse workforce that is well-managed can bring about better business performance and higher employee engagement.Training and AdvancementThe profit in educational profile of older residents was another contributing factor as the better educate were more likely to participate in the dig market than those less(prenominal) educated. The educational profile of the labor force contin ued to improve, as the better educated younger residents enter the labor force and the comparatively less educated older cohorts retire progressively. The share of leg holders in the labor force almost doubled from 15% in 1999 to 28% in 2010. Conversely, the lower educated labor force from 36% to 22% over the same period. (Chart 2)CompensationChart 3, 4, and 5 in appendix show the average salary, change stateover rate, and worked hours of Singaporeans. The average salary for Singaporean to work 46.3 hours per week is around Singapore $ 4,000(about $ 3,000). The average over-time work hour is 3.7 hours a week. (Employment Situation in Fourth Quarter 2010, 2011)Ideal Human Resource ManagementFirst of all, we would like to talk about language skill. As mentioned above, English is the official language in Singapore. In addition, Singaporeans have high level of education and language skills in average. Therefore, the company can hire local employee without worrying about language barri er. Furthermore, well analyze workforce. Due to the mixed unique feature of national culture, Singapores workforce is inherently diverse. Employees from different generations, gender, nationalities and cultures often work together in the same organization. On the one hand, it is easy to train and educate new employees to understand Hollisters organizational cultures and requirements. On the other hand, Hollister Co. also has to understand the mixed unique feature of national culture. With the aging of population, Singapore government also encourage foreigner to go there and look for a job. In the meanwhile, Singapore advocates foreign enterprise producing products which is suitable for the elderly.This is another opportunity for Hollister Co. to expand their business in Singapore. Finally, well talk about hiring, training, retention, promotion and salary. The unemployment rate in Singapore is very low, the educational background of workforce is becoming higher and higher, the low la bor turnover and high level of wage show the Singaporeans are likely skill oriented workforces. The average monthly wage in Singapore is around 4,000 Singapore dollars which equals $3,000. It is a little moment lower than the average income that American household makes. (How much does the average American make breaking down the us household income numbers, 2011) Because Hollister Co. does not have to pay so much money for workforce training, we purpose Hollister Co. offer a somewhat high wage than the current clothing stores in Singapore and use bonus to motivate employees.Political and Legal EnvironmentLegal EnvironmentThe Republic of Singapore has a legal system largely based on the British Westminster model, where the power to govern and administer the country is divided among the executive, the Legislature and the Judiciary. Ranked by the World Banks report, Doing Business 2007 How to clear as the most accommodating country to do business in the world, Singapore is a strat egical and reliable base for foreign investors to invest in the emerging Asian markets. (Overview of the Legal Environment of Singapore, RSM Chio Lim) Singapore is well known as the Switzerland of Asia. With a population of approximately 5 million people, Singapore has an dumbfounding 90% literacy rate, and over 85% of inhabitants have a secondary or higher education. The country has almost zero crime, zero corruption and no drug problem. (Singapore incorporation Advantages) (International rankings of Singapore, Wikipedia)Political environmentPro-business environment peerless of characteristics in Singapore is its pro-business environment. It means that Singapore has an environment that is favorable for foreign investments and can attract many foreign entrepreneurs. Furthermore, it is easy for investors to set up businesses and make higher profits. Compared to other countries, investors only have to take 1-2 days and they can incorporate a company in Singapore. Because of pro-busi ness environment, Singapore has become one of favored countries for investment (Singapore internalisation Advantages, 2012).Financial assistanceIn order to help start-up companies to gain funding, the Singapore government agencies set up several financial assistance schemes to let start-ups gain access to funding to turn their business ideas into reality. Moreover, Singapore government sets up many private sectors to help investors improve efficiency intone capabilities of their company (Singapore Incorporation Advantages, 2012).Great tax systemFor a starting business, taxes cost is always a top priority. One of features in Singapore is its low effective personal and corporate tax rates. For the personal income tax, Singapore government is based on personal income to design a tier system that starts from 3.5% to 20%. For corporate tax, Singapore private limited companies for profits up to SGD 300,000 is below 9% and capped at 18% for profits above SGD 300,000.(Singapore Incorpora tion Advantages) After 2010, corporate income tax rate will belittle from 18% to 17% in Singapore. Furthermore, there is no capital gain tax. It represents that Singapore government uses a single -tier tax policy. This policy is that when the income has been taxed at the corporate level, companies can give shareholders dividends for tax free (Singapore Incorporation Advantages).Political systemsSingapore government has an open attitude and its vision is broad to the whole world. Its political system is using a rational, pro-business way to enact laws, decide priorities and sets regulations. For example, there is almost no restriction on foreign investment including manufacturing and service activities. Any business is supported by political infrastructure and granted maximum encouragement from the government. This support is an important way to let businesses grow and prosper (Singapore Incorporation Advantages). In addition, the immigration policy is open and flexible in Singapor e. It assists the relocation of foreign investors to set up businesses here. If a business entrepreneur needs to run his business or and hire foreign professionals, the government can make appropriate Singapore work visa provisions to meet his needs and wants (Singapore Incorporation Advantages).Free trade agreementsFree Trade Agreements is a significant system in Singapore. It means that most products can be imported without barrier. Businesses can enjoy many benefits including tariff concessions, preferential access to certain sectors, meteoric entry into markets and Intellectual Property protection. Moreover, Free Trade Agreement is a way to connect Singapore to their trading partners such as United States, Europe, China, Hong Kong and, Japan (Singapore Incorporation Advantages, 2012).(Singapore Incorporation Advantages, 2012)High Quality of keepOne of reasons why many investors set up their business and relocate to Singapore is the theatrical role of life. Singapore is in a c onvenient location and provides a great public and private transportation, a dear and clean environment to live. It also offers an outstanding support system for businesses. Singapore is suitable for work and living.(Singapore Incorporation Advantages, 2012)Economic and Financial EnvironmentIn fact, the economic situation in Singapore is very strong and stable, because the attitude of government is open-minded and this country is anti-corrupt. The economic growth is also steady. Singapore is one of countries in the world that has the largest per capital Gross Domestic proceeds (GDP). The Gross Domestic Product (GDP) is equal to the broad(a) expenditures for all final goods and services produced by a country in a period of time and measures national income and output for a countrys economy. According to the World Bank, the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) in Singapore was worth 239.70 billion US dollars in 2011. The GDP value of Singapore is roughly equivalent to 0.39 percent of the w orld economy. Historically, from 1960 until 2011, Singapore GDP averaged 51.8 billion USD reaching an all time high of 239.7 billion USD in December of 2011 and a record low of 0.7 billion USD in December of 1960 (Trading Economics, 2012).(Trading Economics, 2012)The annual growth rate in Gross Domestic Product (GDP) measures the increase in value of the goods and services produced by an economy over the period of a year. It considers a full year of economic activity and avoids the need to make any type of seasonal adjustment. The Gross Domestic Product (GDP) in Singapore expanded 2.00 percent in the second quarter of 2012 over the same quarter of the previous year. From 2007 until 2012, Singapore GDP annual growth rate averaged 5.1 percent reaching an all-time high of 19.8 percent in June of 2010 (Trading Economics, 2012).(Trading Economics, 2012)Singapore exchange rate is range from $1.30 to $1.50 for the last 10 years. It is kind of stable. Monetary Authority of Singapore (MAS) m anages the exchange rate of the Singapore dollar. Investors can transfer funds in and out of Singapore freely in any currency. Furthermore, Singapore government bond has very good rating. Standard & Poors (S&P) in August 2011 gave it AAA and Moodys gave it Aaa in 2008. According to China Post, Singapore banking system is rank top four in the world. When other country have problem with financial crisis, most of Singapore banks were rated B by Moody. We have to realize more about Singapores banking system for doing business.Banking SystemCash and CheckIn Singapore, for foreigners or tourists, it is very convenient to bring their own currency and exchange from market to airport. Foreign currency banknotes and travelers checks can also be changed easily at most banks. In addition, ATM link to global banking networks can be found everywhere. Foreigners or tourists can pay for most things by using a credit card in Singapore. (Singapore Banking System, 2012) Singapore banks study checks t hat can be processed electronically. Writing check can only use black and savoury inks. If a person only wants to deposit and does not cash the check, he has to draw two tally diagonal lines in the upper left corner. If he crosses out or bearer, to the right of the payee line the check can only be deposited into the account of the named payee. When a person deposits check, he has to write his name, account number and telephone number on the back of the check. (Singapore Banking System, 2012)ATM-Automated Teller MachineATM machines for local banks are everywhere in the Singapore. In fact, all of the Singapore local banks and some of the international banks such as Citibank, HSBC and Standard Chartered have issued ATM cards. It considers that foreigners and investors have to withdraw money immediately in a place. However, there are not many branches and ATMs in the international banks. Here is a limitation and daily withdraw amount from ATM cannot exceed SGD$3,000. (Singapore Banki ng System, 2012)Cash FlowBecause using check will take time to clear the bank, companies have to take that into consideration for their cash flow. There is a well-established banking system with three major local banks that offer a full service of consumer banking in Singapore. It includes ATMs, telephone banking and internet banking. In addition, besides local banks, some international banks in Singapore are doing the same business. Recently, those international banks have been allowed to set up branches and 15 ATMs. (Singapore Banking System, 2012) score StandardsSingapore accounting standards are followed the International Accounting Standards and International Financial reportage Standards (Ifederal official) issued by the International Accounting Standards Board. Financial Reporting Standards (FRS) is accounting standards in Singapore. All companies with financial period starting on or after January 1, 2003 have to comply with Financial Reporting Standards (FRS) (Introduction t o Accounting Standards in Singapore, 2012). One of the main principals of Singapore accounting standards is accrual-based accounting. It is the same as United verbalize General Accepted Accounting Principle (GAPP). Under accrual basis, the revenue and expenses are recognized and put down in the period when they occur but not receive or pay cash.They are put down in the accounting records and reported in the financial statements in a period of time. The function of preparing financial statements on the accrual basis is to inform users not only of past transactions including the payment and acknowledge of cash, but also of duties to pay cash and funds that have received in the future (Introduction to Accounting Standards in Singapore, 2012). Actually, there are contains about 39 different standards with each standard named as FRS X in Singapores accounting system. For example, FRS 1 represents Financial Statement, FRS 2 represents inventories and FRS 18 means revenues. In addition , each standard involves a specific topic like presentation of financial statements, recognition of revenue, accounting for inventories, and so on. (Introduction to Accounting Standards in Singapore, 2012)Cultural of SingaporeIn Hofstedes theory, there are five-spot dimensions of culture, which are power distance, individualism, masculinity/femininity, uncertainty evasion, and long-term druthers. The five dimensions are used to make a distinction between country and country. The family of Singapore is essentially consisting of Chinese people. Around 77% of Singaporeans are Chinese. Therefore, the culture of Chinese does influence Singapore a lots. For example, the Buddhist-Shinto societies have an additional dimension which is long-term orientation (Geert Hofstede, 2011). Singapore Five Dimensions elaboration Asian Countries Dimension Culture http//www.geert-hofstede.com/hofstede_singapore.shtml (Geert Hofsted Cultural Dimensions-Singapore, 2011)Power distanceWith Chinese popu lation, Singaporeans are affected by Confucian thinking and values, so they adhere to a class-conscious relationship in their society. They believe that their society is composed of people who are in different standing and unequal relationship. The differences in standing are the signal for people to evaluate each other. The lower standing people should heed what a superior says. In addition, junior and less experienced people are expected to keep their opinions in their hearts. This kind of high power distance has been characterized in Asian society for at least two thousand years (Geert Hofstede, 2011).IndividualismIn an individualistic society, we can find the relationship of people is loose. The United States is the most individualistic society, but Singapore is ranked 53th out of 66 countries (ClearlyCulture, 2009). In Singapore or other Asian societies, children are raised(a) to stay with the family. Children are educated to be a part of the group and stay in the group when they are infants. Children are taught to be dependent on the group, to make decisions which benefit the group, to support the group, and to maintain the honor of the group. The group can be family, school, or company. All of the decisions which are made by the elders for the children are common. After the Singaporean children become adults, they are not expected to cut off the former relationship (Geert Hofstede, 2011). masculinityA high score on this dimension means competition can drive this society to success. Traditional Chinese culture is a typical masculinity. Singapore has almost 77 percent of populations are Chinese. Children are always taught to compete with other people in the school. Singapore is in the almost middle of the scale but a little on the feminine side. That means that there are still some softer aspects of culture like leveling with others and sympathy for loser in Singapore (Geert Hofstede, 2011).Uncertainty avoidanceComparing with other countries in the worl d, Singapore is a country with low degree of uncertainty avoidance. Singaporean comply with their rules because their high PDI. That is why Singapore is a Fine country (Geert Hofstede, 2011). Because Singaporeans are indirect and implicit in(predicate) in their communications, they will not publicly use the word no likewise, their yes does not usually mean assent (Kwintessential, 2011). Unlike other Asian cultures, the western cultures also affect Singapores culture. Therefore, the degree of facing uncertainty avoidance is lower than other Asian countries.Long-term orientationThe short-term orientation is related to truth and the long-term orientation is related to virtue. Singapores cultural qualities show the doggedness and sustained efforts support the long term investments. People believe that the truth depends a lot on situation and time in a society with a long-term orientation (Geert Hofstede, 2011). Doing business in Singapore, the relationship with other people is very im portant especially you must respect the elders. Also, you must be more patient because the organization will show their purpose which is for long-term profit, not short-term gains (Kwintessential, 2011). organizational StructureAn organizational structure is setting the company into different levels, including person and work, so each person needs to perform and accomplish the company goals (Chapman, 2008). There are two types of organizational structures which are flat organization and hierarchal organization. A flat organization is an organization which is few or no levels between managers and employees. The advantage of a flat organization is top management contact directly with the staff level employees. Middle managements are eliminated, so it can also reduce the organizations budget cost. In this structure, the communication between managers and employees would be improved and the organization is fast to respond to consumers and market conditions.The disadvantage of a flat or ganization is difficult to maintain when the organization grows bigger. A hierarchical organization is the layout of a pyramid. Every employee obeys someone else in this organization. The advantage of a hierarchical organization is the management can control closely. Also, the role and responsibility of each employee are distinguished clearly. The disadvantage of this organization is the decisions will be difficult to make because the organization is consisted of a multilayer management. It be a lot to maintain a multilayer management and the communication would be slow from the bottom to the top (Colette).Hollister Co. is a subsidiary company of Abercrombie & Fitch, so the management chart of the Hollister is the same with Abercrombie & Fitch. The following table is Hollisters organizational structure. In this table, we can consider Hollister is a hierarchical organization. An Executive VP or senior VP head all major business processes of the company. The CEO at the top, EVP/SVP o n the second, EVP/SVP on the third and SVP on the fourth level are four basic layers at senior management.This hierarchical structure makes Hollisters management make decisions quickly and let employees in each group understand their roles and responsibility clearly. On the other hand, there are still some disadvantages, which are high costs and many layers of communications, in this structure. For example, the SVP of Supply chain needs to go through two management layers in order to reach the CEO of Hollister. The hierarchical structure delays the communications between management and employees. A hierarchical structure costs a lot to maintain for Hollister. Hence, in a recession, Hollister might restructure to reduce costs and improve communication.Source http//www.cogmap.com/chart/abercrombie-fitch-co (2010)Hollister still can use its hierarchical structure into its international markets such as Singapore. Singapore is an open country and there is no limitation in Singapore, so H ollister can use any types of organizational structure they want. If Hollister use the hierarchical structure successfully in its home country and in other international markets, Hollister should use the same structure when they expand to Singapore. Singapore is also a hierarchical structure country because its high power distance.Hollisters International intricacy StrategiesAfter review Hollister Co. and Singapore cultures and structures, we put forward three strategies which Hollister can use to expand its business to Singapore by exporting, licensing or wholly owned affiliates. Exporting is the first way the company can expand into a new market. By exporting, Hollister does not need to invest in Singapore and can test Singapores market. The disadvantages of exporting are Hollister has to suffer tariff and non-tariff barriers, high transportation costs and depend on foreign importers for product distribution. The second strategy is Hollister can give a licence of its design to a Singapore Apparel Company. This way Hollister can earn profit without investing and worthless tariff and non-tariff barriers. The disadvantage of licensing its design, Hollister might be subjected to the local apparel company becomes its competitor.Hollister also cannot control the attribute of products which the licensee produces, so Hollisters brand or reputation is on risk. The third strategy is that Hollister can expand to Singapores market by itself. Hollister can choose a place where there will be a lot of people, including domestic residents and tourists, to visit such as CentrePoint, the most popular mall in Singapore. The advantages of expanding itself are that Hollister can have complete control and receive all of the profits. The disadvantages of expanding itself are the high costs and the greater loss if it fails.RecommendationAfter review three strategies, we recommend Hollister to expand itself in Singapore. Hollister has enough capital to invest into Singapore beca use it has a powerful backing, Abercrombie and Fitch. This way Hollister can keep their quality of products and have complete control. Hollister can test the market and the market condition by opening the first in Singapore. In order to be success, the most important things are that Hollister needs to learn Singapores culture and establish the relationship with the consumers and suppliers. Hollister can adapt to the Singapores culture and consumer gustation by reviewing a quarter of sales. After its sales grow stably, Hollister should continue to open more stores in Singapore.