Ethical Issues in Marketing - 3405 Words

Ethical Issues in Marketing: The Context of Developing Countries Introduction: Marketing, in contemporary times, has seen a tumultuous change in the way its conducted in developing countries. The oft cited dictum that only change is constant in the marketing genre is an apposite one. Just as the media of social communication themselves have enormous influence everywhere, so advertising and marketing, using media as their vehicles, are pervasive, powerful forces shaping attitudes and behavior in todays world. Four reasons are attributed to the fugacious nature of the way marketing practices are being carried out in developing countries 1. The role of Information and Communication technologies: As ICTs evolve so do marketing practices. If†¦show more content†¦One department store utilizing the hidden messages reported a savings of $US600, 000 by reducing theft 37 percent during a nine month period. So, if subliminal messages evidently work in self-help tapes and embedded in department store music, it certainly seams reasonable that they wou ld also work and perhaps even work better in a visual medium such as television. In developing countries the regulating watchdogs and related establishments are still in stages of latency so that the possibility that viewers who would be subject to such measures would probably never ever know that they were the focus of such procedures. The Ethical Issue of Creating Demand In the words of Pope John Paul II, advertising also can be, and often is, a tool of the phenomenon of consumerism. Sometimes advertisers speak of it as part of their task to create needs for products and services - that is, to cause people to feel and act upon desires for items and services they would ordinarily not need. A piquant issue arises when consumerist attitudes and values are transmitted by communications media and advertising to developing countries, where they exacerbate socio-economic problems and harm the poor. While a judicious use of advertising can stimulate developing countries to improve their s tandard of living, serious harm can be done to them if advertising and commercial pressure become so irresponsible that communities seeking to rise from poverty to a reasonable standard ofShow MoreRelatedEthical Issues With Ethical Marketing Essay1333 Words   |  6 PagesIssues with Ethical Marketing Ethical problems in marketing starts with conflicts and disagreements. Each party in the marketing transaction brings expectations of how the business relationship will exist and how the transaction should be conducted. Some ethical problems in marketing research aren’t always the invasion of privacy and stereotyping. Selective marketing is used to discourage the demand from undesirable markets or just by disenfranchising them altogether. Examples of unethical marketRead MoreThe Ethical Issues Of Marketing1488 Words   |  6 Pages Introduction: - marketing is a tool which the organization makes use of to provide Valuable products or services to customers by using the expertise of the organization And at the same time to achieve the goals of the organization. Marketing is an organ of the company which communicates The merits of the product or service to its customer to which it intends to sell its Product or service. Marketing is done by the company not only to communicate aboutRead MoreEthical Issues in Marketing1566 Words   |  7 PagesEthical issues in marketing The importance of ethics in marketing is growing. Recognition and respect for ethics, covering a wide range of issues can be used as USP (unique selling point) for a company. Each society will have it own unwritten code of behavior. However view of matter will change over time. Due to this societal marketing concept has emerged which requires that marketer adhere to socially responsible and ethical practices in the marketing of their goods and products. Below is the definitionRead MoreEthical Issues Of Marketing : Marketing Ethics871 Words   |  4 PagesEthical issues in Marketing - Marketing ethics deals with the moral principles behind the operation and regulation of marketing. Possible fundamental frameworks of analysis for marketing audit are: - Value-oriented framework, ethical problems on the basis of the values which they infringe honesty, autonomy, privacy, transparency. †¢ - Stakeholder-orientated framework, analyzing ethical problems on the basis of whom they affect: consumers, competitors, society as a whole †¢ - Process-orientated frameworkRead MoreEthical Issues Of Food Marketing2294 Words   |  10 Pagesindustry and will outline the ethical issue of food marketing towards children by reviewing the existing marketing ethics literature. The paper will evaluate the ethical responsibilities of marketing managers towards the issue of food marketing towards children and its impact. 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Therefore, marketing principles includes a fair and true level in marketing communications, respecting the privacy of its customers, obeying and following the governmentRead MoreEthical Issues Of Marketing Research2143 Words   |  9 PagesEthical Issues in Marketing Research Ethics is that branch of philosophy dealing with values relating to human conduct, with respect to the rightness and wrongness of certain actions and to the goodness and badness of the motives and ends of such actions (Ethics, 2015). What is Ethical Marketing? Business ethics is one of the most complicated and contentious subjects in human society. The difference between right and wrong always has lots of conflicts. What is right to one may not be the same toRead MoreEthical Issues Of Marketing Field Of Australia1450 Words   |  6 PagesEthical Issues in Marketing Field of Australia Introduction: Ethics is the principle of differentiating between right and wrong. In business and marketing process, a number of ethical issues are involved that may have a positive or negative impact on the company. The term Ethical marketing is not only a marketing strategy but also a philosophy. It encourages a company representative to be honest, fair, and responsible in all advertising. It also includes communication skill, leadership skill, teamworkRead MoreEthical And Environmental Issues Of International Marketing1408 Words   |  6 Pagesoutlets in Abu Dahbi, SharJah, Al Ain, Fujairah, Al Khaimah. We will introduce our at least 30 outlets in those cities . Other companies have their outlet here. . (AC 3.4) Ethical and environmental issues in international marketing within Dubai: The following issues are the ethical and environmental issue of international marketing ion Dubai: Product related: The Hilfiger have to consider the production process in terms of pollution, Hilfiger need to consider the recycling and waste managementRead MoreEthical Issues Of Health Care Marketing936 Words   |  4 PagesEthical Issues in Health Care Marketing In today’s competitive world, in order for any organization to succeed it requires the most fundamental aspect of marketing, which is to focus on their consumers (Berkowitz, 2011). As the marketing and technological development continues to keep expanding, as an outcome various health care organizations also need to be more adaptable to suffice the growing needs and demands of their consumers. Furthermore, there is a downside for the advancement in health care

The Rise in Youth Homelessness in Canada Essay - 1180 Words

Today in Canada, a rise in youth homelessness is being observed across the country. Despite common assumptions, the issue of street youth is not isolated to Toronto or Montreal, but has become pervasive across the country. Although accurate statistics are impossible to come by, the disturbing reality is that both urban centers and rural communities nationwide, are struggling to provide their youth with adequate, affordable housing. Issues surrounding the supply and affordability of housing, combined with personal circumstances characterized by instability, are distancing youth’s access to housing. These causes and their overall consequences, must be faced before lasting solutions can be shaped by society. Housing Canada’s street youth will†¦show more content†¦Many of these youth have been raised in foster homes and other environments lacking the social, and often economic stability, necessary for seamless transitions into society and the workforce. Over 15% of homeless youth reported their families as having suffered from homelessness at some point. Physical and sexual abuse is often extremely prevalent among street youth. A study conducted in Toronto indicated that more than 70% of homeless youth had left home due to physical or sexual abuse. Finally, homeless youth tend to be characterized by their lack of resources and job readiness. In 2003, over 35% of Canadian street youth reported that they had dropped out of high school, or had been permanently expelled. These social causes only serve to perpetuate homelessness from the economic side. According to former NDP leader Jack Layton (Layton 2008: xix), the economic causes of youth homelessness can be summarized by stating that homelessness is an issue of both supply and affordability . Looking specifically at Atlantic Canada, affordable housing is a primary concern for those tacking homelessness. According to Layton, â€Å"In New Brunswick, where poverty is an issue, few new subsidized housing units have been built in the last 10 years, and there is no supportive housing. The poor condition of the existing housing stock contributes to youthShow MoreRelatedCauses And Effects Of Homelessness Essay1267 Words   |  6 Pages Causes and effects of homelessness in industrialized countries Student Name Institution â€Æ' Introduction Homelessness is the lack of a place to leave or sleep especially during the night. Homeless people do not have proper housing, security and most of them sleep in different places depending on various conditions. Homelessness definition can vary in countries or in various regions in the same country. 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He is consistently ranked among the worlds wealthiest people and was the wealthiest overall from 1995 to 2009, excluding 2008, when he was ranked third. During his career at Microsoft, Gates held the positions of CEO and chief software architectRead MoreThe Negative Effects Of Foster Care3271 Words   |  14 PagesAdoption and Fostering, more than 4,500 foster children throughout Wales remained in care of the authorities (â€Å"Foster† par. 23). Going back into the Western Hemisphere, Canada has a high number, but again, not as high as the United States. In 2006, there existed more than 80,000 children enrolled in foster care services in Canada (â€Å"Foster† par. 26). Clearly, the United States has the highest number of children in the foster care system. 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HG Wells successfully brings a sense of fear and danger through his writing techniques Essay Example For Students

HG Wells successfully brings a sense of fear and danger through his writing techniques Essay In the science-fiction novel The War of Worlds, Wells uses a contemporary setting in which new ideas are being formulated and new discoveries are being made. Charles Darwins Origin of Species had just been written and scientists were exploring the possibilities of life on other planets. H.G Wells uses the theory of evolution to great effect and portrays humans as the weaker race. Wells introduces beings that are so evolved that they technologically dwarf the human race. He does not let the reader escape the fear brought on by the idea that there are creatures significantly superior to themselves. Almost instantly, Wells succeeds in making his audience feel insecure. He describes how the people on Earth are being watched and how the Martians scrutinized and studied. The feeling of insecurity is further enhanced by the humans being oblivious to the fact that they were being watched. It is inferred that the Martians know much about the human way of life and will use it to their advantage. This supreme knowledge is in stark contrast to the ignorant and unsuspecting nature of the human race. For the reader, it is frightening to think of the possibility that there is a force so powerful, that humans are compared to transient creatures that swarm and multiply in a drop of water. Wells objects to the arrogance of his fellow men, Yet so vain is man, and so blinded by his vanity. It is also expressed that their frightening lack of preparation in their supposedly secure environment will lead to their downfall. It seemed so safe and tranquil indicates the calm before the impending storm. Wells portrays the planet of Mars as rapidly deteriorating and thus unable to sustain life for much longer, it is not only more distant from lifes beginning but nearer its end. The novel is given a sense of scientific credibility through the use of precise numerical detail, The planet Marsrevolves about the Sun at a mean distance of 140,000,000 miles. Written at the turn of the century there was a strong belief in the integrity of science. Thus, since Wells supports his fictional presentation of alien invasion with scientific fact it is deemed realistic and consequently more terrifying. Further fear is derived from the fact that Martians must colonise new planets no matter what the cost. The immediate pressure of necessity has brightened their intellects, enlarged their powers, and hardened their hearts, emphasises the Martians desperation and the sense of imminent danger. In War of the Worlds Wells cleverly makes an unlikely situation seem real by using real place names such as Chobam, Shepperton and St.Albans. It is unnerving that these places mentioned that once seemed so secure, are destroyed in a matter of minutes. The novel also features ordinary people and how they react at the face of adversity. The reader identifies with these ordinary civilians and is able to empathise with their distress. The readers emotional involvement with the characters deepens their fear and concern regarding their fate. Wells induces fear by forcing the reader to contemplate their personal response to chaos and destruction. It is arguable that, , if ever confronted with such a situation , the reader would respond like the narrator or the narrators brother who both behave rationally whilst under pressure. In contrast the Curate cannot cope and thinks that the Martians were sent by God and there is no hope of survival, How can Gods ministers be killed? The Curates demise, undermines the audiences belief in stability and organisation of society. Furthermore is the reader is shocked into considering their own reaction when confronted with anarchy and uproar. Using these two contrasting characters, Wells cleverly puts the reader in the uncomfortable position of asking how they would react. The reader is forced to consider the extreme lengths that people will go to ensure their survival, three people at leastwere crushed and trampled there and left to die. .uecfc007136f7306c9643e25b1cd0e948 , .uecfc007136f7306c9643e25b1cd0e948 .postImageUrl , .uecfc007136f7306c9643e25b1cd0e948 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uecfc007136f7306c9643e25b1cd0e948 , .uecfc007136f7306c9643e25b1cd0e948:hover , .uecfc007136f7306c9643e25b1cd0e948:visited , .uecfc007136f7306c9643e25b1cd0e948:active { border:0!important; } .uecfc007136f7306c9643e25b1cd0e948 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uecfc007136f7306c9643e25b1cd0e948 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uecfc007136f7306c9643e25b1cd0e948:active , .uecfc007136f7306c9643e25b1cd0e948:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uecfc007136f7306c9643e25b1cd0e948 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uecfc007136f7306c9643e25b1cd0e948 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uecfc007136f7306c9643e25b1cd0e948 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uecfc007136f7306c9643e25b1cd0e948 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uecfc007136f7306c9643e25b1cd0e948:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uecfc007136f7306c9643e25b1cd0e948 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uecfc007136f7306c9643e25b1cd0e948 .uecfc007136f7306c9643e25b1cd0e948-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uecfc007136f7306c9643e25b1cd0e948:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Writing essay about William ShakespeareWells further induces horror by portraying the hideous ways by which the Martians feed. He describes it in such a way that is not only awful but realistic also, and then began a shrieking and a sustained and cheerful hooting from the Martians. The narrator and the Curate see this taking place from the ruined house and Wells takes full advantage of this to increase the tension of the reader, brought on by the potential danger of their close proximity to the Martians. The tension is increased by the man and the young boy being killed and eaten to satisfy the hunger of the extra terrestrial beasts. The suspense in the ruined house howeve r, comes to a climax when the Martians hear the Curates cries, I have been still too long in tone that must have reached the pit. Wells portrays the narrators fear to great affect as the Martian probed the inside of the house, its gripping limbs curled inside the debris. The reader feels the narrators absolute terror as he takes refuge in the coal cellar, just feet away from the Martian, it touched the heel of my boot. I was on the verge of screaming. I bit my hand. Wells uses minimal detail when portraying gore and horror. To induce fear, the reader is forced to engage their imagination and in doing so becomes more involved with the emotions and fear. This is shown to be case when the Martians feed on the humans, He vanished behind the mound, and for a moment there was silence. Wells parallels the safe areas and areas of destruction to make the scenes of carnage seem more dangerous and terrifying. Not far from where the heat ray had been used, people do not even know of the Martians, Whats it all abart? The contrast between peace and mayhem increases the deadliness and horror of the Martians. The reader feels tension for the people that are so close to the Martians but are oblivious to their existence. The lack of communication and transport between small distances is worrying and creates suspense within the audience. When the narrator takes his wife just twelve miles away from the danger in Leatherhead, the reader is anxious as to whether this will be far enough away to ensure her safety. Wells audience is shocked and scared by the sheer power and might of the invading Martians. Not even the military can oppose the formidable force as previously thought, the sojersll stop em. Any human resistance appears futile and the reader is worried by their helplessness, The Cardigan men had tried a rushonly to be swept out of existence. At the time the British army was considered to be the best in the world and Wells makes his readers think the uncomfortable thought that if the greatest force cannot over come these beasts, there is no hope for survival, Death is coming! The thought that the human race is helpless to these Martians is highlighted by the destruction of the Thunderchild. The humans hopes are dashed when they see their pinnacle of modern technology being obliterated with relative ease, as it flew it rained darkness down on the land. Wells uses similes to great effect in this novel. When the first cylinder lands it is described as a poisoned dart. This warns the reader of impending doom and that the Martians will take over and plague the planet. Wells also makes the reader more apprehensive of the Martians by making them seem mystical and even more extra-terrestrial, causing a flash of light like summer lightening. To emphasise that the humans were being watched, and to make his audience uncomfortable, Wells uses alliteration. Scrutinised and studied reinforces the idea that the Martians are superior and makes them seem more powerful. To highlight the inevitable onslaught, Wells highlights the differences between the two species and describes the hideous physical attributes of the Martians, The lipless brim of which quivered and panted, dropping saliva. The body heaved and pulsated convulsively. .u2697374a00243acabe53aaba81f9c0c0 , .u2697374a00243acabe53aaba81f9c0c0 .postImageUrl , .u2697374a00243acabe53aaba81f9c0c0 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u2697374a00243acabe53aaba81f9c0c0 , .u2697374a00243acabe53aaba81f9c0c0:hover , .u2697374a00243acabe53aaba81f9c0c0:visited , .u2697374a00243acabe53aaba81f9c0c0:active { border:0!important; } .u2697374a00243acabe53aaba81f9c0c0 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u2697374a00243acabe53aaba81f9c0c0 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u2697374a00243acabe53aaba81f9c0c0:active , .u2697374a00243acabe53aaba81f9c0c0:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u2697374a00243acabe53aaba81f9c0c0 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u2697374a00243acabe53aaba81f9c0c0 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u2697374a00243acabe53aaba81f9c0c0 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u2697374a00243acabe53aaba81f9c0c0 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u2697374a00243acabe53aaba81f9c0c0:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u2697374a00243acabe53aaba81f9c0c0 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u2697374a00243acabe53aaba81f9c0c0 .u2697374a00243acabe53aaba81f9c0c0-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u2697374a00243acabe53aaba81f9c0c0:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The Cycle of Fear EssayH.G Wells has succeeded in bringing fear and danger into the novel by making the reader aware of the emotions endured by the characters. The audience can relate to the novel as it uses a contemporary setting and the problems encountered can be applicable to the real world. Moreover, Wells uses the main theme of survival of the fittest and does not let his readers escape the possibility that they not the dominant species. He forces them to think of the consequences of being an inferior race, which for humans is an uncomfortable and unnerving thought.

Worldview Essay Example For Students

Worldview Essay When the Renaissance crept into the worlds social senses people were moved. However, when the Renaissance began to affect the literature of the sixteenth century, the world was changed forever. The Renaissance, meaning a re-birth, was a time of many changes. These changes wrought pandemonium among the civilized people of earth. There was a recovery and discovery of medieval texts in which scholars were deeply impressed by. Those in love with the arts and literature now had more choices to view and read. There was an outpour of those individuals attempting to create paintings that exemplified the feelings that saturated the minds of the brilliant scholars. Most importantly, however, was the huge change of the role of the church in everything. Martin Luther nailed up his 95 Thesis and thus began the Reformation of the Catholic Church. With this came a rushing tide of secularization in Europe. This, of course, blew over into literature and the arts. We will write a custom essay on Worldview specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now The Faerie Queen is one epic that included the ideals and morals that the excommunicated Christians found rather intriguing and good to follow after. One can easily compare the Red Cross Knight to a Christ figure. Other characters can be paralleled to Biblical men and women as well. It was the era of discovery. People chose to discover themselves. Identities were formed and the individual man began to take more notice of himself than any other. This was a more difficult task for the Protestants because of their commitments. However, they were surrounded by this culture, lived in it, and were comfortable in the right to think about ones self more often. In The Faerie Queen we see the hero attempt to fight off the evil thing that is plaguing a friend who has asked for his help. Here is the Christian once again the helper and sustainer of life. The Reformation had caused a sort of brave attitude to cover Europe. Another genre of writing that was popular during the Renaissance was the sonnet. Shakespeare loved his sonnets and wrote many that coincide with the ideals that were ever present in this time period. This is where the greater secularization became too obvious. The self is the main character in Shakespeares sonnets. How the self (the speaker) feels or reacts, what he dreams or wishes are shared with the audience. Time is a god. Nature is a god. During the medieval period his sonnets would have had to be changed to add some sort of religious purpose before any audience could read them. However, with remarkable split from the Church of England, new things took place. New and individual theologies were made up. Specifically, in the first two lines of one of Shakespeares sonnets, he writes When my love swears that she is made of truth,/I do believe her, though I know she lies. This sonnet continues to relish in the fact that these to liars are in love so they are perfect for each other and they lie together. Many of his sonnets have such a secular theme in them like this one has. This author would obviously cause problems if he had been written and published three hundred years earlier. Seeing the changes when one compares this sonnet to a work like The Faerie Queen, one can tell that the Renaissance was a time where so many changes were occurring. It was a period of constant re-birth, from beginning to end. Bibliography: .

Drinking Age Essays (851 words) - Drinking Culture, Alcohol Abuse

Drinking Age Since the increase of the drinking age to 21 has taken effect in New York state, the argument for lowering that limit has been heated. The current age for the consumption of alcohol in the United States is 21 ("Consequences"). Just as it is stated in the following quote, age limits for minors are inconsistent. " Why is it that 18 year old U.S. citizens can legally obtain a driver's license, register to vote, be forced into jury duty or a draft, can be tried as an adult and even put to death, but cannot buy and consume alcoholic beverages?"("Drinking"). The following quote deals specifically with the problem of underage drinking. "88% of drinking drivers aged 16-20 who where involved in fatal crashes in 1993 were determined to have CAUSED the crash" ("Consequences"). Logically, if parents could teach young adults the responsibilities of alcohol at a younger age, then this frightening statistic would probably be cut in half. As Jeff Roberts* put it in his interview, " I believe that one of the factors that drives young adults to drinking, if not the biggest reason, is that it is illegal. That is where the peer pressure and the glamour of it all comes in. Young adults see the older adults handling alcohol and say well I want to act older so I can do that too. It also makes the young adult feel dangerous and alive. They are getting away with something that is illegal." It is conceivable that if a parent were given the chance to teach his or her child the responsibilities of drinking at a younger age, that child may grow up understanding and respecting the responsibilities of drinking ("Drinking"). Fasier* responded "I am a firm believer in the idea. It is logical, it is the way it should be taught , Laurent 2 and it is right there along with the Constitution and freedom of choice, which is what this nation was built on". Alcohol-related crashes are the leading cause of teenage deaths ("Consequences"). If parents could allow their children to not abuse alcohol and to be responsible drivers, earlier in life they might be more responsible as life goes on. According to Mrs. Frasier, "The worst that alcohol can do is hurt the kidney, when drunk in massive quantities and at a younger age, but, most of the studies I have read indicate that the age where this is a problem is up till 14 in boys and up to 12 in girls.". In some cases, massive amounts of alcohol can cause a problem in almost all people . If these people had been taught at an earlier age, then possibly they might have more respect and responsibility for the " substance that is meant to be consumed maturely." ("Drinking"). " When I was young, the drinking age was 18, but if they had the chance to teach me even earlier then I firmly believe that my bout with alcoholism would not even have happened. Now the age is 21 so I believe that they should at least bring the age back to 18 if not lower." (Fasier*). The push for this decrease is not just isolated to the United States. It is occurring in other nations as well. Some nations have already begun to lower their age limits such as Canada and European nations ("Drinking"). Recently there have been the deaths of two college students. One of the students was attending LSU and the other was going to MIT. In both cases, the students died of alcohol poisoning ("Drinking")."In the case of the two college students it is already too late, let's not lose any more." ("Drinking"). It is more likely that if the two college students had been able to drink at a younger age, their parents might have been more able to teach them the responsibility of the substance that brought them to their demise. " I believe that we should lower the drinking age in the United States to at least 18 if not lower than that" (Fasier). " I believe that we should definitely lower the drinking age, and I am not just saying that because I already drink, but I am Laurent 3 saying that because I believe that it is right moral, and also part of our constitutional right." (Roberts). These are at least two firm supporters for lowering the drinking age who voice the opinion of many people and there are countless reasons for doing so. If nothing else, the drinking age in

The Impact of Diversity on the Effectiveness of Leadership

The Impact of Diversity on the Effectiveness of Leadership It is imperative for today’s leaders to take into consideration issues of diversity in the engagement and promotion of personnel in the modern workplace. Leaders must embrace and examine critically, the impact of workers from diverse cultures and how they interact to increase productivity and profitability in an organization. It is evident that an organization can benefit from fostering attitudes of cultural sensitivity, tolerance and acceptance of diversity because diversity increases the success of an organization.Advertising We will write a custom critical writing sample on The Impact of Diversity on the Effectiveness of Leadership specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In summation, effective leadership should be conceptualized as a shared connection that takes into account what happens between and among people and consequently, leaders have the obligation to embrace diversity to create a viable roadmap for the future. The author of the article puts forward convincing arguments in support of the positive impacts of diversity on the effectiveness of leadership. The author proposes that because of the impact of globalization, organizations will need to fully utilize the potential of all their employees from different cultural and ethnic backgrounds by fully engaging them in all aspects of the organization. This diversity will enable the organization to adequately reflect the communities and customers that they serve. In my experience, this assertion is accurate. To illustrate this, Kellogg’s Company is an organization that has fully embraced diversity by setting up a comprehensive diversity program that addresses the needs of the numerous employees from diverse backgrounds. The company focuses on the hiring and promotion of qualified personnel from perceived minority groups. (Diversity and Inclusion 1) Moreover, Kellogg’s is a global brand that has a diverse and global customer base and this pro gram enables the company to adequately reflect these customers and the communities that they market their products to. In the article, the author further proposes that in future, organizations will be required to adopt a more inclusive orientation that recognizes the importance of everyone in the organization and the fact that they can all contribute in one way or another to greater success in the organization. This proposal that workplace diversity can lead to increased success in the organization is in my experience, fundamentally correct. To substantiate this claim, McDonald’s which is considered the world’s leading fast food chain is a hallmark of diversity. The company has employees from all the 119 countries in which they operate.Advertising Looking for critical writing on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Inclusivity and diversity in the company is also evident in the companyâ €™s chief executives, board of directors, suppliers and employee base (Pride, 2010). McDonald’s by virtue of being the world’s leading fast food chain is very profitable, it is possible to theorize that, the diversity of the company has substantial influence on this factor. This illustration serves to show that embracing diversity can result in greater productivity and profitability in an organization. Sourcing an article for this assignment was not particularly difficult seeing that they are numerous articles about the subject that are available. The large number of articles was both an advantage and a challenge in terms of selecting the most suitable one for this assignment. The search technique that I used involved a search of the EBSCO host search engine in the global library. The results were specific to the topic presented. I then selected this article on the basis of its relevance to the topic. Moreover, I chose it because I found it to be interesting and it contained valid information. References Kellogg’s. (2011). Diversity and Inclusion. Web. Pride, W. M. Hughes, R. J. Kapoor, J. R. (2010). Business. USA: Cengage Learning Inc

MODULE 1 DISCUSSION Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

MODULE 1 DISCUSSION - Article Example Thus the consumer can save more that he/she spends in other utilities helps increasing the spending power in the economy which is useful for economic growth (Georgescu and Nicholas, 2014). Giving the license to FPL may lead to monopoly supply in Florida and thus exploits the households. Addition of the two plants will make the firm to produce more units than the rest and become a dominant player in the market (Georgescu and Nicholas, 2014). Thus they will influence major decisions in the market such as prices hence can charge more, than if the firms were in competitive market. The firm however, can exploits as other means such as wind, geothermal, biomass and even solar. This means are quiet cheap and less harmful to the environment. Thus if well harnessed, can provide a good choice to nuclear energy. FPL should cater for the external costs due to harmful exposure of the public e.g. by constructing hospitals (Georgescu and Nicholas, 2014). Put measures to prevent occurrences such as earthquake due to construction of the firm into water bodies. The benefits that come with excess plants are more than demerits. More supply of energy into the economy reduces manufacturing costs of many firms. This translates into low prices to consumers which eventually helps the economy to grow. Thus I will vote for the plants to be

Leadership and its views in football Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Leadership and its views in football - Essay Example Starting from the developing a team, training, developing strategies, executing those in the field all depends on the manager. Thus, success or failure of the team also considered as the responsibility of the manager. According to the report of Barnes (2013), in the EPL (English premier league), the role of the manager is very important. Being considered as the toughest and most competitive football league of the world, team managers play an important role in the success or failure of the team. Signing new footballer, coaching them, developing team strategies-all depends on the manager. In his review, he cited the example of Paolo Di Canio-manager of the Sunderland football club. According to the report of British media, his enthusiasm was the key behind the success of the Sunderland football club, as they were able to retain their position in the premier league after a horrible start. In his report he pointed out the fact that it is not necessary that only the change in managers bri ngs about the good result. It is nothing to do with the change but it is a trend of event which may happen no matter whether club has change the manager or not. In his word, changing manager may give good result for a game or two, in short for a shorter period of time, but that does not means it will give continuous good result. According to his view, â€Å"it s a misleading statistic because not changing the manager would have had the same result†. He cited the example of Aston Villa in the EPL, where they also have facing the threat of relegation like Sunderland, but they did not change their manager. The result of the first 5 games of Sunderland after changing manager and Aston Villa without changing the manager was same: 2 wins, 1... The essay goes though 5 different phases of an employmet cycles. These are recruitment/selection, induction, managing the performance, controlling different level of performance and workforce planning/role or job analysis-job redesign. Being a manger one has to look up to all these parameters and control the performance of his or her team members. At the end, manager has to carry the responsibility of both success or failure of the team as he or she is the leader of the group. (p.4). Being the leader of the group or the team, managers have the responsibility of both success and failures. In any organization or any sports managers have a key role to play.b Thus, success or failure of the team also considered as the responsibility of the manager. Then, we see the issues in the essay. There are several causes and consequences associated with the dismissal of the manager. All across the globe, the performance of any team is the only parameter by which any manager’s work is being r eviewed. Same is applicable for any organization also. Being the manager of the group or at the top of the organization performance is the only parameter. In conclusion, we get more information on the football manager's profession. According to the review of Markham (2012), in the game of football managers used to get sacked or fired due to 3 main reasons. These are: 1) Poor on-field performance. 2) Breakdown in relations with club directors/owners and 3) Increasing pressure from the supporters and media for delivering better result.

Constitutional and Administrative Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Constitutional and Administrative Law - Essay Example An example is the legislation in the UK popularly known as the Civil Partnership Act of 2005 to protect the minority gay community from discrimination (Spilsbury, 2008). Under this act, it is stipulated that couples of the same sex have the same rights and privileges as those of heterosexual couples with regard to child adoption as well as other family rights and therefore they can choose to acquire children provided legal processes are followed (Spilsbury, 2008). This is essential especially due to the fact that every person desires to have children whom they can share their love and wealth with. As it is known, it is biologically impossible for persons of the same sex to produce children of their own and since these marriages are recognized by law, the same law should not deny them of their rights. In the case of Martin and Neil, it is important to note that this act was active during the time when they adopted their child and as such, they acted within the law. It is also necessary to note that the act of 2005 cannot be amended without a majority vote of 75% of the House of Commons, and a similar vote in the House of Lords. It is therefore unfair , based on this, for the two houses to revoke the act in the year 2010 by a simple majority of 51% and 52% without considering the social implications it would have on the affected families who may have adopted children within the two years prior to the new act. However, it is important for Martin and Neil to understand that the UK parliament is the supreme organ in the land with legislative powers that can not be challenged by any other political or judicial organ (Young, 2008). Having this supremacy means that it can decide to make new laws or amend the existing ones regarding any issue which may come to its attention and neither the courts nor any other group or individual can override the legislation once it

Legal Positivism and Human Rights

Legal Positivism and Human Rights 1.0 INTRODUCTION The statement which I have to scrutinise â€Å"Is the absolute separation of law and morality proposed by legal positivism an obstacle to the acceptance of the notion of human rights?† for us to evaluate this statement first we have to understand legal positivism and the roots of human rights. Then I would discuss why law and morality cannot be seperated and if seperated its adverse affects and how human rights and positive law should be amalgamated. 2.0 LEGAL POSITIVISM Legal positivism is a mentality in legalism that the existence and content of law should depend on social facts and not on merits.[1] It is the view that morality has no weight in the law that is made and established as the law of the state. It should be followed and it is supreme however immoral or unjust that piece of law or legislation is. There are several legal thinkers who developed the idea of legal positivism, amongst them the most prominent figures are Jeremy Bentham, John Austin and HLA Hart. What we must keep in mind is that even positivists are divided into 2, inclusive and exclusive positivism. Inclusive positivists are people who believe that moral constraints can be incorporated into law according to a society’s belief. Even HLA Hart was an inclusive (soft) positivist who believe that â€Å"the rule of recognition may incorporate as criteria of legal validity conformity with moral principles or substantive values †¦Ã¢â‚¬ [2] On the other hand are the exclusive positivists who believe that a legal system cannot integrate moral restraints on legal validity. They believe in the absolute supremacy of the positive law. One of prominent exclusive (hard) positivists was Joseph Raz who was actually a student of HLA Hart. 3.0 NATURAL LAW AND DERIVATION OF HUMAN RIGHTS FROM NATURAL LAW Natural law is the direct opposite of positive law, and is what is defined as god’s law or ideal law, which has no loop holes as in manmade law. It is law which is based on morality rather than legality believing that any man made law which is not morally correct is not law at all. Naturalists argue that positive law is always evolving to attain the threshold of natural law. Some prominent figures who argued for the supremacy of natural law and morality were St. Thomas Aquinas and Thomas Hobbes. The foundation of natural law is religious beliefs and moral rights and wrongs as shown throughout history. The notion of human rights, I believe, is derived from natural rights, which in turn is derived from religious and moral beliefs. So the international bill of human rights we see today actually is a child of natural law itself. John locke, a follower of Thomas Hobbes, and a renowned philosopher, while writing about natural rights in Two Treatises Of Government, has said that â€Å"men are by nature free and equal against claims that God had made all people naturally subject to a monarch. He argued that people have rights, such as the right to life, liberty, and property that have a foundation independent of the laws of any particular society† [3] This is exactly what is entrenched in the International Bill of Human rights today. So it is logically arguable, and it is my belief that Human rights is actually natural law/ natural rights itself, in another form, trying to impose supremacy over positive law just like in the eras passed. Thus if natural law is not accepted as being a part of positive law, human rights can never be truly accepted. 4.0 WHY LAW AND MORALITY CANNOT AND SHOULD NOT BE SEPERATED The debate for the separation of moral and legal rights is a heated debate still ongoing. One of the most remarkable statements regarding this topic was made between HLA Hart and Lon L. Fuller, the latter stating that legal and moral rights can never be separated. Hart argued that there should be a strict separation of law and morality, he denied that there are universally shared necessary moral standards of legal validity and he also denied that an individual recognizes law as good law based on morality and that individuals may do it based on purely non moral considerations.[4] Fuller argued that law and morality cannot be separated because they are naturally connected. He found the connection between law and morality in the very heart of positivism, the law makers. He gave 8 ways to fail to make a law stating that these rules are necessary as they make an â€Å"inner morality of law†. [5] In his Journal article Positivism and the Inseparability of Law and Morals, Leslie Green has argued that law and morals in fact cannot be separated and instead of the mistaken separability test he had brought into light the underlying fallibility test. [6] Keeping the philosophers arguments aside we can take a scenario to consider what would happen if law and morality were strictly separated. If the law making body, the parliament, if they believed in this strict separation and if they had no sense of moral values in their society while making law, and if they passed a legislation which is incompatible with the society beliefs, it would cause havoc. The government that passes such a bill is destined to fall as proved by history with Margaret Thatcher’s demise after passing the poll tax. For example if they passed a bill allowing gay marriage in a strictly Wahhabi Muslim society, it is bound to be met with hatred and might be taken as an insult by the society. 5.0 AMALGAMATING HUMAN RIGHTS AND POSITIVE LAW One can say that the notion of human rights have already been incorporated with positive law of UK after the enactment of Human Rights Act of 1998. Its entrenched nature and per s.3 of the Act all legislation passed, have to be compatible with Individual human rights.[7] And if any legislation is incompatible with human rights courts can declare it incompatible under s4 of the HRA 1998 and advise the parliament to make the necessary rectifications.[8] This power of the HRA 1998 can be shown in the recent case of R (Royal College of Nursing) v SSHD (2010) [9]where Schedule 3 to the Safeguarding Vulnerable Groups Act (SVGA) 2006 was incompatible with Art 6 as the listed person was denied the right to make representations in advance of being listed. The Section 67(2) and (6) of the Protection of Freedoms Act 2012 came into being to amend this Schedule as a result. 6.0 POSITIVE LAW: SUPREME IN UK As we know UK is a dualist country meaning it does not heed to international laws or EU laws. It needs its domestic laws to be enacted by the parliament for them to be legally enforceable. This results in a supreme parliament which can bend law at whim (as can be shown in the delay enacting HRA 1998). Even the power vested in courts by HRA 1998 in the form of declaration of incompatibility is a toothless remedy when dealing with an unjust legislature. Because these declarations are not authoritative, they are just persuasive, so the parliament is does have a choice to keep the legislation as it is in spite of declaration of incompatibility. Another thing which shows the supremacy of positive law in UK, is the Prime ministers hinting on the repealing of the HRA 1998 without a proper backup plan. [10] 7.0 ACCEPTING HUMAN RIGHTS AS MORAL CLAIMS OR POSITIVE LAW While analyzing the given statement I came upon two ways in which it could be addressed and according to that I could give my opinion on the validity of the statement. Those two ways are, that human rights could be accepted as moral claims as the statement suggests and then we can evaluate how the separation of morality and law could affect the acceptance of human rights. The second way is that we could claim that human rights is no longer moral claims but positive law, and then see how the separation of law and morality affects it. 7.1 ACCEPTING HUMAN RIGHTS AS MORAL CLAIMS If Human rights are moral claims as the statement suggests then it is vital not to have any separation between law and morality. If law and morality is strictly separated as the ideal positivist suggests[11] then human rights won’t have the supremacy and power it needs to universally protect the rights of individuals. They need to overcome any form of positive law which clashes with it. Human rights are normally accepted as having their basis in morality because natural rights was derived from religious beliefs. I, believe that, both human rights and equity are children of natural law, and for in order for them to be successful, they need to incorporated with positive law but be powerful enough to overcome shackles of positive law. Though the supremacy of equity is not disputed, the supremacy of human rights is. If human rights are moral claims which has no legal validity, accepting them would be difficult in the light of the separability thesis brought forward by Hart[12]. If legal positivism is the right mindset and if the Human rights have no legal value, how are the rights of people going to be universally protected? How can one accept Human rights? For example, if a country passes horrific laws which infringe the most inviolable rights and if there is no way it can be remedied, the world would fall into chaos. If UK passed a law which says all men shorter than 5 ‘5 should be killed, and if the UDHR has no legal power, no authority, how are the right to life of many people going to be protected? One might say, the parliament would not pass such a bill, but what is stopping them from doing so? There are no legal restrictions to a supreme parliament as in UK, the only thing restraining the legislators from passing such legislation is just one thing. Their moral values. In this context, I would agree with the view of Leslie Green in his article positivism and the inseparability of law and morals[13], where he has argued at length that the separation thesis is actually a mistake and had upheld the fallibility thesis. 7.2 ACCEPTING HUMAN RIGHTS AS POSITIVE LAW I find it more suitable to say, that Human rights is no longer moral claims, after the passing of the International Bill of Human rights (Universal Declaration of Human rights 1948, International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights 1966 and the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights 1966) the notion of Human rights is now actually positive law. The heart of this international Bill of Human rights, the Universal Declaration of Human rights 1948, which prescribes inviolable rights for humans, regardless of where they are born, has been endorsed by most/all the countries in the world. But the problem is, dualist countries like UK, might not endorse the Declaration into their constitution (as can be inferred from their delay in enacting HRA 1998 and the unavailability of remedies for such issues until the enactment of the Act). My belief, that the notion for human rights is no longer moral claims and is universal, can be proved by various incidents. Human rights is no longer based on religious or moral rights and wrongs. I say this, because immorality is a subjective query, it will change from person to person and society to society and from era to era. For example, in a strict Muslim community it might be immoral to wear clothes which expose a lot of skin, but in a modern rainbow society, it might be taken as a norm. For example in USA, women would consider it immoral and against their belief to wear clothes showing their waist, but in India women consider it immoral to show their hair thus wear clothes that cover their hair but they don’t mind wearing Saris which expose their waist. So if we were to consider that Human rights to be based on moral claims, it can never be universally accepted because what is moral, is subjective. But this is not the case; Saudi Arabia and Irans pressure to make the Cairo Declaration of Human rights in Islam of 1990, to be accepted as the â€Å"Islamic† alternative to international human rights, during the 1993 World Conference on Human rights in Vienna was strongly rejected by the UN Secretary General Kofi Anna, who maintained that the human rights are universal. Thus, as moral claims change from time to time, society to society, individual to individual, human rights is no longer moral, as it is universal and invariable, wherever the individual is. So I believe that through the sands of time, human rights have actually evolved into positive law now. Since it is positive law, the separation of law and morality proposed by positivism, no longer has any effect on the acceptance of the concept of Human rights. 8.0 CONUCLUSION The notion of human rights cannot be accepted without accepting the role of morality in positive law. Because if the statement is correct and if Human rights is indeed moral claims then morality needs to be accepted for it to be incorporated into legal systems today. But I find it more suitable to say, that Human rights is no longer moral claims, after the passing of the International Bill of Human rights) the notion of Human rights is now actually positive law. Since it is positive law now, the separation of law and morality proposed by positivism no longer has any effect on the concept of Human rights. The other thing which must be brought into light is that even though human rights is entrenched into the legal system of UK it is not properly followed. If it was properly followed, how can Acts, with provisions which infringe rights of people such as section 44 of Terrorism Act 2000 get enacted? How do they pass the scrutiny of parliament without being noticed? The fact they make it through the parliament shows the weakness of positive law and its failure to protect people’s rights. The present regime of UK has been hinting on repealing HRA 1998[14] and withdraw out of EU(though now being denied by David Cameron[15]), but this would only make human rights lose its positive law status in UK and result in more infringement of rights. Repealing the HRA 1998 might not be a bad idea with the proper preparations and a backup Act or Bill of Rights which is set in stone and has much superior power than HRA 1998 (as the declaration of incompatibility is a toothless remedy which does not enforce the parliament to amend an incompatible legislation). So I believe if HRA 1998 is repealed it should be substituted by a stronger Bill of Rights which has a better remedy than declarations of incompatibility etc. And if such a bill is passed, the legal validity of human rights would no longer be in doubt. The bill which was withdrawn at the end of the debate on 1st March 2013, Human Rights Act 1998 (Repeal and Substitution) Bill 2012-13, certainly lacked this forceful authority. [16] Word Count is 2524 (Excluding Contents and Bibliography) 9.0 BIBLIOGRAPHY 9.1 Table of Cases R (Royal College of Nursing) v SSHD [2010] EWHC 2761 9.2 Table of Statutes Human Rights Act Section 3 Section 4 9.3 Text books Hart, H. L. A.Concept of Law.Oxford: Clarendon, 1994. Print Fuller, L. L.: The Morality of Law. New Haven and London 1961 ebook. 9.4 Articles Green, Leslie, Positivism and the Inseparability of Law and Morals. New York University Law Review, Forthcoming; Oxford Legal Studies Research Paper No. 15/2008. Available at SSRN: http://ssrn.com/abstract=1136374 accessed 04th January 2014 Green, Leslie, Legal Positivism, The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Fall 2009 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.),accessed 04th January 2014 URL = . Tuckness, Alex, Lockes Political Philosophy,The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy(Winter 2012 Edition), Edward N. Zalta(ed.), accessed on 05th January 2014 URL = . 9.5 Websites Mason, Rowena. David Cameron Eyes Human Rights Act Repeal.Theguardian.com. Guardian News and Media, 08 Aug. 2013. Web. 05 Jan. 2014. . David Cameron Rejects EU Withdrawal Calls and Attacks Tory pessimists'Theguardian.com. Guardian News and Media, 09 May 2013. Web. 05 Jan. 2014. . Human Rights Act 1998 (Repeal and Substitution) Bill.Human Rights Act 1998 (Repeal and Substitution) Bill. N.p., n.d. Web. 05 Jan. 2014. . [1] Green, Leslie, Legal Positivism, The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Fall 2009 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.),accessed 04th January 2014 URL = . [2] Hart, H. L. A.Concept of Law.Oxford: Clarendon, 1994. Print. P250 [3] Tuckness, Alex, Lockes Political Philosophy,The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy(Winter 2012 Edition), Edward N. Zalta(ed.), accessed on 05th January 2014 URL = . [4] Hart, H. L. A.Concept of Law.Oxford: Clarendon, 1994. Print. P198 [5] Fuller, L. L.: The Morality of Law. New Haven and London 1961 eBook. P39-42 [6] Green, Leslie, Positivism and the Inseparability of Law and Morals. New York University Law Review, Forthcoming; Oxford Legal Studies Research Paper No. 15/2008. Available at SSRN: http://ssrn.com/abstract=1136374 [7] Section 3 Human Rights Act 1998 [8] Section 4 Human Rights Act 1998 [9] R (Royal College of Nursing) v SSHD [2010] EWHC 2761 [10] Mason, Rowena. David Cameron Eyes Human Rights Act Repeal.Theguardian.com. Guardian News and Media, 08 Aug. 2013. Web. 05 Jan. 2014. . [11] Hart, H. L. A.Concept of Law.Oxford: Clarendon, 1994. Print [12] Green, Leslie, Legal Positivism, The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Fall 2009 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.),accessed 04th January 2014 URL = . [13] Green, Leslie, Positivism and the Inseparability of Law and Morals. New York University Law Review, Forthcoming; Oxford Legal Studies Research Paper No. 15/2008. Available at SSRN: http://ssrn.com/abstract=1136374 [14] Mason, Rowena. David Cameron Eyes Human Rights Act Repeal.Theguardian.com. Guardian News and Media, 08 Aug. 2013. Web. 05 Jan. 2014. . [15] David Cameron Rejects EU Withdrawal Calls and Attacks Tory pessimists'Theguardian.com. Guardian News and Media, 09 May 2013. Web. 05 Jan. 2014. . [16] Human Rights Act 1998 (Repeal and Substitution) Bill.Human Rights Act 1998 (Repeal and Substitution) Bill. N.p., n.d. Web. 05 Jan. 2014. .

Another Man’s Poison and New Broom Sweeps

Better late than never. No discord, no concord. Love me, love my dog. A hedge between keeps friendship green. Good wine needs no bush. A wise goose never lays a tame egg. Money makes the mare go. Man proposes, God disposes. More haste, less speed. Spare the rod and spoil the child. Easier said than done. Grasp all, lose all. Action speaks louder than words. Waste not, want not. Talk of the devil and he comes. Let sleeping dogs lie. Nothing venture, nothing have. First come, first served. East and west, home is best. Home is home, be it ever so homely.Home is where the heart is. Strike when the iron is hot . The grass is greener on the other side of the fence. Where there's a will, there's a way. Where there is smoke, there is fire. Where there is life, there is hope. ‘ He who has health has hope. A burnt child dreads fire. A friend in need is a friend indeed. As you sow, so you shall reap. Barking dogs seldom bite. A bird in hand is worth two in the bush. Birds of a feather flo ck together. Call a spade a spade . Every cloud has a silver lining. All that glitters is not gold. Every dog has its day. God helps those who help themselves. Great minds think alike.He laughs best who laughs last. Never do things by halves . Still waters run deep. Jack of all trades and master of none. Look before you leap. Honesty is the best policy. One man's meat is another man's poison. Once bitten twice shy. Like father, like son, like mother, like daughter . Practice makes perfect . Rome was not built in a day. Robbing Peter to pay Paul. It takes two to make a quarrel. Time and tide wait for no one. To err is human, to forgive divine. What's done can't be undone. Two heads are better than one. When in Rome do as the Romans do. A new broom sweeps clean. To put the cart before the horseThe sky is the limit. A watched pot never boils. Two's company, three's a crowd. One swallow doesn't make a summer. You cant have your cake and eat it. Beauty is in the eye of the beholder. Teac h an old dog new tricks. That's where the shoe pinches. The truth will out. Soon learnt, soon forgotten. Live and let live. All work no play makes Jack a dull boy. Beauty is but skin-deep. Seeing is believing, All is well that ends well. Beggars can't be choosers. Let bygones be bygones. Better safe than sorry. No news is good news. Well begun, half done. A clear conscience is a soft pillow. A fall into the pit, a gain in your wit.A little spark kindles a great fire. It never rains but pours. Do as you would be done by. All men cannot be first. A man can die but once. People who live in glass houses shouldn't throw stones. A man is known by the company he keeps. A man may lead a horse to the water, but he cannot make him drink. An idle youth, a needy age. Apparel makes the man. Clothes make the man. A smart coat is a good letter of introduction. Business is business. Can the leopard change his spots? Count not your chickens before they are hatched. Dont trouble trouble until trouble troubles you. Every man has a fool in his sleeve. Might is right. epare for a rainy day. scratch my back and I will scratch yours. Early bird catches the worm. Walls have ears. Great talkers are little doers. A penny saved is a penny gained. A rolling stone gathers no moss. Charity begins at home. Give the devil his due, When the cat is away the mice will play. Life is Just a bowl of cherries. A thing of beauty is a Joy forever. Prosperity makes friends, adversity tries them. ‘In prosperity our friends know us; in adversity we know our friends. Catch not at the shadow and lose the substance. Fools rush in where angels fear to tread. A man is as old as he feels. Custom makes all things

Counselling Interview Skills Essay

I declare that this assessment is my own work, based on my own personal research/study . I also declare that this assessment, nor parts of it, has not been previously submitted for any other unit/module or course, and that I have not copied in part or whole or otherwise plagiarised the work of another student and/or persons. I have read the ACAP Student Plagiarism and Academic Misconduct Policy and understand its implications. I also declare, if this is a practical skills assessment, that a Client/Interviewee Consent Form has been read and signed by both parties, and where applicable parental consent has been obtained. Reflective report. During this module I have learnt how important it is to keep in mind that everyone has a set of values and beliefs. I have learnt the importance of knowing what your values and beliefs are, in order to be an effective counsellor. Client’s values and beliefs may be very different to my own, but that does not mean that they are wrong. Some of my values are to treat people with respect and to try and be empathetic to others. I think these values will help me be a good counsellor in that if the client feels respected and understood, they will feel comfortable with me. I am sure there will be times when a client has values that are just so incompatible with my own, that I will need to consider referral, this does not mean that I have failed the client. The client will benefit more from a counsellor who is able to find a connection with them and who does not judge them. The learning activities I have participated in during this module have helped me see many different points of view. In week four we were asked to view a video called focusing. Everyone identified the same areas of concern such as not explaining the process of counselling correctly. In week eight we had a discussion on the type of issues or clients we would find challenging. My response was counselling a court ordered client, some of the other students had the same response. I said I would like advice from a supervisor, to find helpful ways of connecting to this type of client. In week nine we were asked to research an organisation to refer a client with an identified issue. I chose to refer a client who displays a serious mental health issue, I found three organisations to refer clients to. As a result of all the activities I have undertaken in this module I have a much better understanding of the counselling process and the skills a counsellor needs. Communication skills are at the top of the list in importance. I have learned that counselling is about helping a client find their own solutions to their issues and is not about giving the client your advice. During the workshop for this module, I was able to put into practice the skills I have been learning about this term. I have to say I enjoyed the experience immensely, meeting all of my fellow students and seeing the  different approaches and styles was a great learning experience. Having learnt counselling interview skills, I feel I have the tools for becoming a good counsellor in the future and I am looking forward to learning even more.

Sociology of Communities, our group (Bahasa) Essay Example

Sociology of Communities, our group (Bahasa) Essay Example Sociology of Communities, our group (Bahasa) Essay Sociology of Communities, our group (Bahasa) Essay Hotel Transylvania a Review by Stasya Desnafira, 1206242605 This movie starts at the time where Mr. Dracula had Joyfull moments seeing stages of her daughter (Mavis) growth from baby to a teenager. Time went by, and finally the hotel that he made is finally finished. This hotel is not like any hotel that exist, Hotel Transylvania is a hotel for monsters. Dracula, werewolf, mummy, blob, frankenstein, invinsible man, zombie, and any other monster you could name from comic books are the one who residing in the hotel. For Mr. Dracula himself, this hotel are meant to ept Mavis away from humans and also to provide a place that is absolutely safe for monster yet free from humans. On the day of Maviss 118th birthday, Dracula allowed her to go to see humans in the outside world. He did warned her about how he thinks humans would react to his monter kind. Torches, garlic, human, and fire are placed on the so called Village by dracula. In the Village set up itself, dracula sucessfully able to make Mavis believes that human do hate them. Unexpecteadly, a human named Jonathan found out the hotel and able to get ini without him aware that hes in a real place where monsters wander around. He tought that its a unique costume party. Aware of his presence, Dracula hid and disguises him as something that is similar to frankenstein, everyone except Quasimodo and his rats believed that Jonathan is indeed a monster. Quasimodo is someone in the same position as a head chef in normal hotel, his rats in other hand, act like his sous-chef. As time goes by, Dracula did cover up fake stories about Jonathan aka Johnnystein as a party planner for Mavis birthday. Mavis and Johnnystein then encounter many happy moments together but Dracula didnt agreed seeing Mavis with Jonathan. Johnnystein finally eaves the hotel with a sad broken heart to the airport to get back at home. Seeing her daughter also sad and broken hearted, Dracula along with his friend, chase Jonathan to ask him to stay. Two obstacle that they manage to pass is the parade that blocked the way to the airport, and the daylight condition. From the parade, Dracula and his friend did learn something new that, humans have changed. Humans are not afraid or hate monsters anymore. Time has changed. Dracula finally able to chase the plane which Jonathan stayed. Dracula comunicate with him using his power to cotrol and hypnotize people, which in this case; the pilot. They went back to the hotel and met Mavis, finished with a happy ending. The moral of the story really involve the role of Mr. Dracula as a father. Moral story that I learn from this story is that forcing your children to believe what you believed is never right. All things that he did to protect his daughter and friend is mainly because hes afraid that humans will treat the monters badly. He Just want his family and friends not to go through what he experienced. I dont blame him, hes Just being overly protective and expressed it the wrong way. Nobody taught him what to do or what decision to make, thats why he ake decision based on his natural intuition and experience. Which in this case, never trust the human and dont even get close to them, ever. From what I saw since the beginning of this movies, I have to say that the graphic is very nice and natural. It kinda reminds me of Tim Burtons and Neil Gaimans. The plot is unpredictable, overall I think this movie is a good one to watch. For me, I have to say that this movies is indeed a good one, but not as good as movies that really give the audience a big impact like: Shrek, Finding Nemo, or Toy Story, but still its worth to watch. Thank you.

SQL en databases nader verklaard

SQL en databases nader verklaard 1. DATABASES, DBMSEN EN SQL 32. SQL (1) 93. DATABASE ONTWERP, HET RELATIONELE MODEL. 194. SQL (2) 235. SQL (3) INSERT, DELETE, UPDATE 296. VAN KLASSEDIAGRAM NAAR EEN RELATIONEEL REPRESENTATIEMODEL 327. HET RELATIONEEL IMPLEMENTATIEMODEL EN SQL (4) 388. IMPLEMENTEREN VAN EEN DATABASE IN SYBASE. 429. NORMALISEREN 4310. CONSTRAINTS 4711. DATABASEMANAGEMENTSYSTEMEN 491. Databases, DBMSen en SQLHieronder volgt een korte inleiding op databases en database managementsystemen. Deze is gehaald uit het volgende boek:Gert Jan Hofstede, Databases ontwerpen,bouwen en gebruiken. Academic Service 1997pagina's 5 tot en met 8, 10 en 114, 115/* begin Hofstede */Wat is een database?Een database is in algemene zin 'een verzameling gegevens die bij elkaar horen'. Men zou het telefoonnummerbestand van de inlichtingendienst een database kunnen noemen, of het World Wide Web, maar ook de kaartenbakken met boektitels in een nog niet geautomatiseerde bibliotheek.database schemaIn dit boek wordt het woord in en gere zin gebruikt. Een database is hier 'een verzameling gegevens ('feiten') die elektronisch zijn opgeslagen en die als ÂÆ' ©Ã‚Æ' ©n geheel te benaderen en te beheren zijn'. Het WWW valt dan af als database, omdat het niet beheerd kan worden. Overigens is het wel zo dat via het WWW ontelbare databases-in-engere-zin kunnen worden bereikt. De kaartenbak valt af omdat er geen computer aan te pas komt.De software-producten om databases mee te bouwen, zoals die in de winkel te koop zijn, heten databasepakketten. De kern van een databasepakket is het databasemanagement-systeem, afgekort DBMS. Daarnaast bevat zo'n pakket nog allerlei hulpprogramma's die het leven van de gebruikers van het pakket veraangenamen.Een term die verwant is aan 'database' is 'gegevensbestand', kortweg 'bestand'. Een bestand is een verzameling gelijksoortige gegevens, bijvoorbeeld een verzameling gegevens over het genotype van stieren of een verzameling...

Report from the journal Emerging Infectious Diseases Essay

Report from the journal Emerging Infectious Diseases - Essay Example in Painter, Hoekstra, Ayer, Taux, Braden, Angulo & Griffen, 2013). In the light of this finding, research into food safety assumes great significance. Dr. John Painter, an epidemiologist with the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, and his team, conducted a study on food commodities and food borne illnesses. The results of this study were published in the CDC journal, Emerging Infectious Diseases, under the title, Attibution of The research was performed in the United States using data from State and local health departments’ reports,  collated by the CDC through its Food borne Disease Outbreak Surveillance System.   These comprehensive reports include data on the  number of person’s ill, causes of the outbreak, description of the implicated food vehicle(s), lists of ingredients, and identification of the contaminated ingredient(s).  Outbreaks of food borne diseases from 1998 – 2008 were studied. The etiologic agent, or the food ingredient which causes the illness, was identified mainly through statistical evidence from epidemiologic investigation and laboratory evidence identifying the presence of the etiologic agent in the implicated food. Identification was strengthened by other supportive data, such as previous experience and the presence of the same etiologic subtype on the farm that supplied the implicated food. Painter et al. included in their study approximately 37% of the outbreaks from a total of 13,352 food borne disease outbreaks, causing 271,974 illnesses. These included outbreaks which featured implicated food vehicles and a single cause of illness. Foods were categorized into 1 of 17 commodities defined as aquatic animals (fish, crustaceans, and mollusks), land animals (dairy, eggs, beef, game, pork, and poultry), plants (grains-beans; oils-sugars [refined plant foods]; fruits-nuts; fungi; and leafy, root, sprout, and vine-stalk vegetables). Food vehicles were categorized as simple (containing

Catholic Wedding Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Catholic Wedding - Essay Example According to the study being considered the oldest Catholic Church in Victoria, St. Francis’ Church humbly stands as an example of grandeur. It has a simple faà §ade but its structure alone overwhelms visitors from all walks of life. When one enters this solemn edifice, any person would be struck by the intricate design and the colorful mosaic of glass etching with vivid illustrations of the first family and saints where the Blessed Sacrament is enthroned. The altar is viewed in simplicity with the crucifix void of designs exemplifying the life that Jesus lived. The rationale might be to prevent churchgoers into being distracted by elaborate designs and colors. It is strategically located at a corner lot for easy accessibility. From this paper it is clear that the ritual identified here is the order of the marriage ceremony including the symbols used. It was fortunate to be accorded the opportunity to observe a wedding of couples who appear to be of Asian descent probably from the Philippines. The St. Francis Church is home to the Filipino community where a special mass schedule has been earmarked every second Sunday of each month at precisely 2:30pm. The groom wore a traditional Filipino â€Å"barong Tagalog†, made from a cloth known as the jusi fabric woven from banana or abacca plants. He stood on the altar patiently waiting for his bride.  

The Growing Representation Gap in the United States How to Fill It Essay

The Growing Representation Gap in the United States How to Fill It - Essay Example All these, in turn, had an effect of widening the representation gap. Employees are very much aware of this gap because they always believed that filling in this gap will â€Å"directly improve the quality of their working lives and †¦make their firms more productive and successful.†5 But the ground realities in US are not very conducive for the solution of this problem. Studies have shown that â€Å"only one out of six US employees†¦ have access to the independent representation of their individual and collective interests.†6 It is also a proven fact that though employees want representation, it is the employers who prevent them from accessing such opportunities.7 A major area of concern associated with the problem of representation is the changes that have happened in the composition of the workforce. The workforce scenario is greatly changed in US in the context of global migration of labor. Global alliances that are emerging in labour sector, the increased presence of women, and ethnic minorities in the global work force, and the new forms of workers organisations like the ‘worker centres’ of USA, have been some indicators of change. America has been depending more and more on immigrant labourers to meet the nation’s workforce needs. But these laborers have never been assimilated into the mainstream unionism. The race, ethnicity and nationality have come to play a great role in determining the group formations among workers. Organizing simply on a class basis has become a thing of the past, at least in the unorganized sector. There are attempts going on to assimilate the migrant workers into the mainstream work force of US by trade unions. This is very crucial when we see that in the United States, one in five people is from another nationality.8 The situation of the migrant workers have been pathetic as, â€Å"low-wage immigrant workers exist within industries in which there are few or no unions or other organis ational vehicles through which they can speak and act.†9 Hence, the key to filling in the representation gap also lies in understanding the challenges faced by this totally different work force mix and also the changes brought about by the extreme corporatization. The dominance of service sector over the primary production sectors has also presented a new set of problems regarding representation. When the rise of service sector in combination with the technological changes that accompany it is considered, it can be realized that the representation issue is at its worst in this area.10 The increase in part-time and temporary work clubbed with the increase in the percentage of woman workers in the total work force also create new challenges on the representation front.11 All these changes in the labor force composition is supposed to have enhanced the bargaining power of the corporate companies.12 Anti-union tactics of corporations in the United States Around 32 million civilian workers in US lack â€Å"collective bargaining rights under any law, either federal

Classifying Humans into Absolute Categories Essay Example for Free

Classifying Humans into Absolute Categories Essay There are three basic ways in which people have tried to classify people to real biological differences, instead of cultural differences, in the past. The first is the ‘typological model’. This model classifies people into geographical groups, on selected common characters. The second model is the ‘populational model, which classifies people on the basis of exclusive mating with each other, over a long period of time. The last model is the ‘clinical model’. This model looks at the inherited characteristics of a group, which change over time and is different from the changes in other geographic areas; the distribution of these characteristics (Ellison Goodman). All three models fail to do the job. The typological model is erroneous because of the fact that some racial characteristics are found in different groups. The populational model fails because of the fact that people do not limit their breeding to small areas. The clinical model is undermined by the fact that some human groups migrate and the therefore discontinuity of the typical characteristic, and by the fact that there are not so many small communities left on the world anymore. Scientists now agree on this, they understand that classifying humans, based on any specific model, would be arbitrary. Scientists now just use the classifications as a tool to organize the data. The number of racial groups that are ‘discovered’ depend on the number of characteristics researched. Therefore, all research methods are relative, and the classifications change when the sets of characteristics (or the research topic) change. Biological anthropology describes the nature of human variations through focusing on the biological aspects. This researches the human as biological organism, the behaviour of primates and the human evolution. The most important research is done through research of the genetic patterns and the connections between different populations over the whole world. Anthropologists can also compare historic gene material with modern ones. All these techniques might contribute to a definitive evidence of our origin and the way people populated the earth. References Ellison,G. A. H. Goodman. The Nature of Differences. Science, Society and Human Biology. Boca Raton, FL, CRC Press, 2006.

Education of Boys in Victorian England :: Victorian Era

Education of Boys in Victorian England The Upper and Middle Classes * The Elementary School Act of 1870 made school compulsory up to the age of 12. * The most famous group of public schools was referred to as â€Å"the Nine Great Public Schools.† * The famous schools were Eton, Harrow, Rugby, Winchester, Shrewsbury, Charterhouse, Westminster, St. Paul's, and Merchant Taylors. * These schools were originally opened up to everyone and sustained through the donations of wealthy donors. Initially taught boys Latin and Greek grammar but in 1861 the administration was changed and more of the sciences were included. As a result, the schools became public in name only and were attended pretty much by upper class and middle class boys only. * Children of the upper and middle classes were taught at home by governesses or tutors until they were old enough to attend public schools. * Public schools were important for sons of well-off or aspiring families because schools gave them the opportunity to establish connections which could later help them out in their careers. * Most of the boys that attended these schools went off to Cambridge and Oxford and then later on to Parliament. * George Osborne was not of the upper classes but he interacted a lot with them and it was a possibility for a gain in status. * A lot of emphasize was placed on athletic games. They oftentimes even took precedence over the learning of Greek and Latin. Being a sportsman reaffirmed a man's leadership. The Lower Classes * Boys of the lower classes were excluded from attending the â€Å"public† schools of England because they did not fit into what was expected of the boys that attended those schools. * The boys attending the public schools were most often than not of well to do families, which meant they would be well-dressed, well-mannered boys. * Boys from the lower classes did not have the same upbringing and as a result did not fit into the public schools instead they attended what were often referred to as Ragged Schools. Purposes of Education * For the upper classes, the purpose of an education was to raise gentlemen and prepare them for prestigious appointments in Parliament or government.

Adopting Thorium Energy

When it comes to nuclear power most people would think about uranium. Our current state of nuclear power harnesses power through nuclear fission. The heat generated from this process boils water which drives massive steam turbines to create electricity. While this sounds like a fairly simple process the dangers it presents are massive. Reactor core meltdowns and the waste products are serious dangers the environment. There is an alternative element that can be used in place of uranium which is more efficient, abundant, and most importantly†¦safer. That element is thorium. Thorium is a naturally occurring radioactive chemical element. It is named after Thor, the Norse god of thunder. When used in a system for generating electricity its waste materials are 10 – 1000 times less long lived than uranium. This provides profound benefits over uranium when it comes to storing waste products. Thorium provides a greater energy yield than uranium; 5,000 tons of thorium is equivalent to about 61,000 tons of uranium. Those amounts are what’s needed to provide energy to the entire planet. At this point you’re probably wondering why we’re not using it if it’s safer and more powerful. Thorium has had a complicated history. Not because of any potential dangers it may have presented, but the potential dangers it didn’t possess. Uranium based nuclear power plants serve another purpose. Their waste products aid in the creation of weapons. Thorium’s waste products are not as easily weaponized. During the cold war governments were hesitant about funding a fledgling source of energy. Instead they opted to continue to invest and expand the infrastructure of the established uranium based nuclear plants. The last government funded thorium reactor was shut down in 1973 and thorium research nearly died along with it. In short; the benefits of weapons were chosen over having a safer and more energy independent future. The very nature of thorium allows for a facility orders of magnitude safer than the uranium nuclear power plants. When a nuclear power malfunctions or is damaged there is possibility of it exploding and releasing radioactive aterials into the atmosphere. The three worst nuclear power plant disasters occurred in 1979 with Three Mile Island, Pennsylvania; 1986 with Chernobyl; and in 2011 with the disaster in Fukushima, Japan. Chernobyl is estimated to remain uninhabitable for approximately 20,000 years while Fukushima is expected to remain so for 20 years or more. Entire cities abandoned do to the inherent danger of uranium based nuclear energy. Thorium has a sort of built-in fail-safe in that it requires extremely high temperatures to operate. This is alone makes for one its safest qualities. Without going into too much detail; if a thorium power plant were to lose power the devices heating its reactor tank would stop working. This would decrease the operating temperatures of thorium and its reactions would cease. The thorium would then be drained into a collection tank through the force of gravity. Unlike uranium power plants; thorium has no need to use water as a coolant. In an emergency a thorium power plant can shut itself down without any human intervention. Only recently has thorium once again become a serious contender for replacing uranium. As countries move to dismantle their nuclear arsenals thorium moves closer to the forefront of an energy independent future. Not all countries are as forward thinking as others though. China is currently the most forward thinking when it comes to thorium and has already outlined plans to have a new thorium reactor by the end of the decade. Estimates show that China has enough thorium to power its electricity needs for 20,000 years. That amount of potential and safe energy is unheard of. The United States alone sits on a reserve of about 440,000 tons of thorium in storage. Remember that 5,000 tons could power the entire planet for a year. The total estimated thorium content on Earth is around 120 trillion tons. So much energy waiting to be harnessed. The United States has let politics get in the way of what truly matters for far too long. The main hurdle to building new thorium plants is that new regulations would have to be established first. Those who make their fortunes off the established nuclear power plants no doubt lobby politicians to prevent thorium from becoming the leading source of energy. America will hurt itself if it allows other countries to gain too much of a head start in thorium energy research. Though thorium is not without its hurdles; its potential cannot be denied or ignored any longer. It’s extremely energy dense. There will never be a shortage of it. It’s incredibly safe. The waste products are less long lived and cannot be made into weapons. Like the Norse god it was named after thorium is set to take the world by storm.

Why did a campaign for women’s suffrage develop in the years after 1870?

During the 19th century women were seen differently, through the eyes of the law, men and work. Most people believed that women should be passive ‘ladies'; obedient to their husbands and should stay at home. Married women's property was owned by their husbands and so was their financial, political and social power. Women didn't have similar rights as men did during the 19th century and this had started to get more and more noticed, by women, towards the 20th century. Women were put into three types of class systems, working class being the lowest, middle class, being the intermediate and rich class being the highest. A woman's husband's class would determine which class she would belong to. Most working class women were noticeable if they had a tan. The reason being is that working class women would have had to do the domestic work as well as earning money by working for an employer, usually at a very low pay, and this would have resulted in the woman having a tan. Most working class girls were brought up into poor families and had to start work at a young age. They earned little money and tended to marry men from there own deprived class. However, middle class women had diverse experiences and attitudes towards themselves. They were known as ‘helpmeets' by men and had accepted their position in the sexual hierarchy. All middle class families had employed servants, which meant women had little to do except for embroidery and entertaining as only a majority of them could educate themselves. Middle class girls were taught at home by mothers and governesses and learned how to ‘catch a man' and how to be a good wife. On the contrary, rich class women had the ‘easiest' life out of all the types of women. They had servants to look after the homes, thus they had more time to spend on their families and themselves. They could go to school for an education and could even choose to be a doctor, accountant or banker. Although rich women could take up a career in one these jobs, they were still restricted in society of taking up a career in other jobs such as diplomats, barristers or judges. Overall, rich women had the most pleasant life out of all the types of women but even they had started to get fractious of the restrictions and the disparity that was towards them. Women were starting to get irritated of not having the same rights and equality as men did during the 19th century. They were mainly annoyed because of the ‘separate spheres' theory. This theory explained the roles of men and women, which were listed inside two circles, one for each sex, had showed the roles that each person would have to do. Women's roles were harder and longer than the men's were and this was due to the inequality, at the time of the 19th century, which lead to a difference in roles. By 1870, women were becoming more frustrated of the restricted paths they could choose from and this had lead in women starting to campaign and protest for equal rights. Changes in the education opportunities encouraged women to campaign for the vote because women had began to comprehend that they were not getting the same education as men were. This had started to infuriate women as they couldn't do much with their careers and this resulted in a lower income for women to support their families with. Working class women couldn't educate themselves due to their class, middle class women had accepted their position on the sexual hierarchy and where known as ‘helpmeets' towards men whereas rich class women were allowed to educate themselves but there were only a handful of good academic girl's schools at that time, of which the government didn't bother much about. Even though some women didn't want a change, things were starting to look good for the ones that did. In 1874, the first school of medicine was founded for the medical education for women. In 1878, London University was the first to award women degrees on the same terms as men. Although some opportunities were opening for women, the idea of disparity was still consistent. Changes in the legal status of women encouraged women to campaign for the vote because the general attitude towards them was beginning to change due to the legal status at that time such as the Custody of Infants Act, which was introduced in 1839 and meant that women were authorized to claim custody of young children following separation. In addition, the Matrimonial Causes Act of 1857 introduced the possibility of a civil divorce, one that could be granted without an act of Parliament. Also the Matrimonial Causes Act allowed legally separated women to retain their earnings, giving them some control over their own income for the first time. Now that women were a part of the new laws, they wanted to insure that they could get the vote, which was most important for them to achieve. Albeit there were beginning to be superior changes, women were still not treated equally and the law was preventing them from exercising politics. Changes in the workplace encouraged women to campaign for female suffrage because women (mainly working class) were starting to get stressed of having to do domestic work as well as working in factories, mills etc for little reward and being called ‘irresponsible' by people because they'd work and not look after there children all the time. Because of this, women had started to get annoyed and wanted better rights at work and home. Small groups had started to form due to the inequality of women's rights and campaigning was beginning to appear by the twentieth century. Although women had started to protest for disparity, they still weren't receiving the attitudes by men and the law as they had hoped to. Political groups such as the NUWSS encouraged women to gain the vote because they were opening a whole new gateway for women and their rights. The NUWSS (National Union of Women's Suffrage Societies) was beginning to make it clear to people that they wanted the vote. Milicent Fawcet was the leader of the NUWSS, also known as the Suffragists, and aimed to expand the rights of women and to improve society. The Suffragists were doing this by protesting, going to political meetings and by peaceful persuasion. By doing this they wanted people to realise they were solemn. They were achieving and had the success of many Liberal MPs and some Conservative leaders, however this wasn't enough to gain the vote and the slow moving process meant that suffrage groups such as the Suffragists weren't getting anywhere with the gaining of the vote and women were running out of patience. In conclusion, I think that a campaign for women's suffrage developed in the years after 1870 because situations changed for women, which took them one step closer to gaining the vote. The reasons I have listed in my essay show how women had started to take action after the year1870, such as protesting, peaceful persuasion etc. The main reasons that I think have encouraged women to campaign for equality are education, the workplace, the change in the legal status and most importantly female suffrage groups. All of these reasons have given women a better understanding on why they should gain the vote and to demonstrate why male and female ‘separate spheres' should interlink with each other to give the genders equal roles. I think that female suffrage groups acted like the spark that lit the fire for female equality as it gave women a voice to express their feeling on how they would have liked to be treated and the rights they would have liked to achieve from the government. Suffrage groups were a good way of campaigning towards the 20th century because people, such as the government, would have noticed suffrage groups and would have listened to their explanations rather than listening to only one person trying to explain a point. Although women had started to make points that they'd feel strongly about clear, this wasn't enough to gain the vote. Women had gained social and economical freedom, however they had still lacked in political freedom, which had started to exasperate the majority of them. Groups such as the Suffragists were making points clear to people, however there slow moving process was not going to plan as women still hadn't gained the vote towards the 20th century, and if their was no vote then their would be no change, so women had started to run out of ideas and most of them had started to run out of patience. Why did a campaign for women’s suffrage develop in the years after 1870? The women's suffrage campaign developed after the years of 1870, because life and existence was unjust. They way they were treated escorted to the development of the campaigns. To transform life, rules need to be changed, by chosen and appropriate law makers – the government, to fulfil the needs of the people. In 1865, the first British woman-suffrage association was founded by Mill. Campaigns expanded because the vote could change the life of women. Women were accused of being unable to vote, and the franchise was opposed, such as by antifeminist Queen Victoria. The Liberal Party was committed to increase franchise, but did not deliver their promise, so protest began, as women were infuriated. Additionally, women in other countries were given the vote. In 1893, New Zealand was the first country that franchised women's vote. This displayed the role of women and their independence, to the world. The campaigns in Britain arose because they wanted the same to be done, as it could be achieved. Next, the 1867 Reform Act was declared. It gave many working class men the vote, but did not mention the women's license to votes. This angered women very deeply, as they were promised again the vote in the new laws, but were betrayed. Again, this made the campaigns upgrade, as they worked even more to succeed. Inequalities with men in the workplace also lead to progression of the campaigns. There were more women working in factories, doing long hours in dull, un-skilled, monstrous work with little pay, particularly in textile factories, or as domestic workers plus servants than men. Men, conversely, did more skilled work in addition to receiving more responsibility and money. This displayed unfairness women wanted to change. Famous cases of women being prevented from taking ‘male' jobs depicted to women that they could be capable of doing anything but the country's antifeminists would stop them, unless they were stopped first by the law. Inequality with men before the law angered women. When women married, all her property became her husbands. Additionally, women could not sue. This was unjust. Successful but slow pace of reforms were prior to 1870. In 1882 and 1857, the Matrimonial and Cause Act were made, which took cruelty, adultery, and desertion in a marriage into account. But, this was unfair because men had to be committed to do two of these, while women had to act one of these, to face the law, divorce. In 1870, the Married Women's Property Act was released again, but more developed, to prevent loss of fortunes. However, even when the law was changed, inequality still existed. How women were treated unfairly in the eyes of the government was why the campaigns increased. Increased education of middle class women meant that women wanted jobs they were educated for, such as doctors, lawyers and teachers. Famous successful women as role models such as Annie Besant, Florence Nightingale and Mary Seacole displayed that the work of women could revolutionise the world. Increased involvement of women in local politics allowed them to vote in local elections, such as the 1869 and 1882 Municipal Councils Act and in Schools Boards after 1870, plus Boards of Health from 1875. This acted as a taster of what could be, and women liked the power and control of voting. In conclusion, their development of their campaigns can stand to be symbolised that they wanted change and development since antiquity, in addition to the right of women to share on equal terms with men the political privileges afforded by representative government, and to vote in elections, referendums and hold public office.